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Chapter: 7 -Problem: 9 >> The hindgut (structure of the digestive tract after the small intestine) in all three organisms contains a diverse population of fermenting microbes. These microbes release gases, as well as fatty acids and lactic acid as waste products of fermentation. Of the three organisms, the most hindgut fermentation occurs in horses.If a horse feeds on too much starchy grain, a lot of undigested carbohydrat
Answer Preview: As discussed in the case Bean Brew many microbes cannot withstand a chan…

, Chapter: 1 -Problem: 26 >> Manufacturers need a starch that will maintain a creamy consistency and will neither liquefy nor harden at room temperature. Explain your choice. Read the following product description and determine which starch would be the best choice for a manufacturer. The cost of dent starch is low, waxy starch is more expensive, and chemically modified waxy starches are the most expensive. Although cost is a
Answer Preview: The best choice is C Modified waxy …

, Chapter: 1 -Problem: 7 >> Under the right conditions, amylase breaks down amylose efficiently; however, the enzyme is not very effective in breaking down amylopectin. Examine Figure 5.6 and read the related text in your textbook. Use your observations to propose a hypothesis for why amylase breaks down amylase much more effectively than amylopectin.
Answer Preview: Amylose is a starch made of glucose molecules bound …

, Chapter: 1 -Problem: 22 >> Contrast the microscopic starch granules of corn with those of potato, shown in the following figure. Transcribed Image Text: (a) Starch granules in corn (5-25 um) (b) Potato starch (15-100 um)
Answer Preview: Corn granules 525 mm generally are …

, Chapter: 1 -Problem: 21 >> Why was it important that Hildy also test the effect of water alone on the wallpaper paste?
Answer Preview: Hildy needed to test the effect of water alone bec…

, Chapter: 7 -Problem: 14 >> Weight status and activity levels can be used to estimate the amount of feed needed by individual horses . According to this chart, should you feed a horse with a normal weight of 1,150 pounds that engages in hard activity more total feed than a horse with a normal weight of 1,150 pounds that engages in light activity?
Answer Preview: The total feed is the same Calculating Daily Feed for Horses Wei…

, Chapter: 10 -Problem: 1 >> 1. Recognize potential issues and major topics in the case. What is this case about? Underline terms or phrases that seem to be important to understanding this case. Then list 3–4 biology related topics or issues in the case.2. What specific questions do you have about these topics? By yourself, or better yet, in a group, make a list of what you already know that is related to the case in the the
Answer Preview: 1 Hedgehog signaling pathway UV radiation Cancer Basal Cell Carcinoma Cyclopamine Antagonists 2 What …

, Chapter: 7 -Problem: 16 >> If you have an underweight horse that is worked hard and a horse of normal weight that is worked hard, which should receive the most total feed? Is there a difference in the ratio of grass forage to supplemental feed?
Answer Preview: The underweight horse rec…

, Chapter: 4 -Problem: 7 >> Consider character 1 in the cladogram. Which taxa lack this character?
Answer Preview: Ta…

, Chapter: 10 -Problem: 12 >> What species is used as the outgroup for the hedgehog gene in this phylogram? Provide a reason for using this species.
Answer Preview: The fruit fly Drosophila has the hedgehog gene and ma…

, Chapter: 1 -Problem: 9 >> Review the following figure and note which of the reagents were used in each of the four test tubes. In the following table, check off the reagents found in each tube.
Answer Preview: They should have placed check …

, Chapter: 10 -Problem: 19 >> Based on the preceding limited amino acid sequences, which animal has the hedgehog protein most like the one in the human?
Answer Preview: Chicken The …

, Chapter: 7 -Problem: 7 >> The digestion of what type of macromolecule begins in the organism’s stomach (the abomasum in ruminants)?
Answer Preview: Proteins are the macromolecule…

, Chapter: 6 -Problem: 26 >> Using the following figure, note the position of each leaf and fill in the following table. Row D is filled in for you. Transcribed Image Text: A D
Answer Preview: Leaf Damage Comparative Age A One row of holes Youngest B Two rows of holes Older than A C …

, Chapter: 9 -Problem: 30 >> Considering that it has been 90 years since the outbreak of the 1918 flu, are you surprised by the current scientific interest? (When is scientific investigation done?)
Answer Preview: They may find this investigation into the past surprising Science is never finished as ne…

, Chapter: 6 -Problem: 28 >> Look again at the following figure of shot hole damage. Are your model results consistent with this picture? Transcribed Image Text: A D
Answer Preview: Yes The results in the following table a for leaves A B and C are i…

, Chapter: 6 -Problem: 17 >> Estimate the net loss or net gain for a farmer with 2,000 acres in the following scenarios:a. Corn prices are low ($1.50) and so are the corn borer populations (about 1 for every 4 corn plants, or 0.25).b. Corn prices are high ($2.50) and so are the corn borer population sizes (about 1 for every plant, or 1.00).
Answer Preview: a Number of acres number of bushels …

, Chapter: 9 -Problem: 49 >> Using your observations of Figures (a) through (b), defend a policy that makes wearing masks mandatory during the early days of an epidemic such as the 1918 flu.(a) (b) Transcribed Image Text: 200 150 100 50 60 20 40 Time 80 100 – Infected# Susceptible# --- Recovered# # People 200 - 150 100 R. 50 2
Answer Preview: The number of recovered individuals in t…

, Chapter: 5 -Problem: 19 >> The wall space for the mural measures 10 feet high by 20 feet wide. You wish to include a 40-m-tall lycophyte and a “giant horsetail” at 15 meters tall. To determine which of the magnifications would allow you to fit these organisms in the mural, use the height of the wall as the scale bar length and the height of the tallest organism as your scale value. Which of the following magnifications woul
Answer Preview: The answer is d Magnifi…

, Chapter: 1 -Problem: 20 >> Considering that vinegar is an acid, explain the results seen with the vinegar.
Answer Preview: Because vinegar is …

, Chapter: 6 -Problem: 1 >> 1. Recognize potential issues and major topics in the case. What is this case about? Underline terms or phrases that seem to be important to understanding this case. Then list 3 or 4 biology related topics or issues in the case.2. What specific questions do you have about these topics? By yourself, or better yet, in a group, make a list of what you already know about this case in the “What Do I Kn
Answer Preview: 1 Biologyrelated topics or issues spread of genes from one variety of corn to another via pollen how …

, Chapter: 7 -Problem: 11 >> Cows, horses, and humans all consume foods containing cellulose. However, none of these organisms produces enzymes that can break down cellulose. fermenting microbes in the stomach of cows convert cellulose to energy-rich fatty acids. Explain the fate of cellulose in horses and humans.
Answer Preview: Humans have neither the enzymes nor the appropriate microbes to dige…

, Chapter: 9 -Problem: 23 >> Extending this investigation: Visit one of the many interactive maps on avian influenza. Two particularly good ones are offered by the British Broadcasting group in the United Kingdom: news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/world/05/bird_flu_map/html/1.stma. Tell which map you viewed and at least two new bits of information you learned.b. Write two questions that you are able to answer with the informatio
Answer Preview: a BBC map shows 1 the temporal spread of flu in birds and humans and 2 indica…

, Chapter: 1 -Problem: 4 >> Contrast the structure and function of starch with those of cellulose in plant cells.
Answer Preview: Starch is a storage carbohydrate made of glucose monomers that are used for c…

, Chapter: 3 -Problem: 20 >> Is proximity to known outbreaks of WNV a factor in its spread? Looking at the map in the following figure , describe geographic factors that seem to influence the spread of WNV. Explain.Year ............................ States Reporting WNV 1999 ................................................. 4 2000 ............................................... 12 2001 .........................................
Answer Preview: The spread seems to be strongly related to geographic location Over time proximity …

, Chapter: 10 -Problem: 6 >> Is the hedgehog signaling pathway a local or long-distance type of signaling? Explain.
Answer Preview: It is a local signal Nearby …

, Chapter: 3 -Problem: 8 >> Compare the structure of WNV to that of HIV.
Answer Preview: Both viruses have …

, Chapter: 7 -Problem: 22 >> Although zebras and donkeys can produce offspring, do you think these two types of organisms should be considered to be the same species? Explain, using definitions of “species” and examples of prezygotic and postzygotic isolating mechanisms.
Answer Preview: No The two should not be considered the same species Prezygoti…

, Chapter: 6 -Problem: 8 >> If you were to slice open a kernel of corn and apply iodine solution to the interior, which part of the kernel do you predict would turn the darkest blue? What is the function of this part of the seed?
Answer Preview: Most likely the endosperm would turn the da…

, Chapter: 10 -Problem: 9 >> As scientists evaluate new data, they frequently have to revise their models. Because we know that Ptch is an inhibitor of Smo and G protein is not involved, revise the model in Figure 11.12 to incorporate this new information.
Answer Preview: Because Smo can become active when Ptch is disabled by mutation it suggests tha…

, Chapter: 5 -Problem: 15 >> You can determine both the image magnification and the size of a fossil specimen if an object of known size is included in the image. In following figure , the penny has a known diameter of 0.75 in. However, in this image the penny measures only 0.5 inch across. Now you know that the image is smaller than its actual size. In fact, the magnification is 0.67 times its actual size. Magnification = di
Answer Preview: Actual leaf fossil length image lengthimag…

, Chapter: 6 -Problem: 32 >> In the case, the growers meet to discuss planting refuges in order to reduce the chance that a population of corn borers resistant to Bt toxin will become established. Offer two explanations why the development of resistant bacteria is more difficult to control than the development of resistant corn borers.
Answer Preview: Accept any reasonable explanation including Population size and reproduction play a significant ro…

, Chapter: 3 -Problem: 14 >> Explain how primers control which cDNA is being amplified.
Answer Preview: Only those cDNAs that have …

, Chapter: 4 -Problem: 2 >> Which trait in the following table is shared by at least four taxa? Which taxa are they? Transcribed Image Text: Selected Taxa United Tubelike Elongated Sepals Flower with Bilateral, Leaves Petals Not Radial, Symmetry Petals, Not Narrow Separate
Answer Preview: Character 2 u…

, Chapter: 9 -Problem: 7 >> The immune system responds specifically to the exact combination of the H and N surface proteins found in a flu virus particle. Currently, 16 antigenically distinct groups of H molecules and 9 distinct groups of N molecules have been identified. How many possible antigenically distinct combinations of H and N could occur?
Answer Preview: There are 16 kinds of H pr…

, Chapter: 3 -Problem: 21 >> Examine the map in the following figure and compare it to that shown in Figure 3.5. In 3€“4 sentences, describe the extent of spread of WNV in the US from 1999 to 2012. Transcribed Image Text: West nile virus neurolnvasive disease incidence reported to ArboNET, by state, united states, 2012 Incidenc
Answer Preview: Reasons might include more efficient vectors increased population of reservo…

, Chapter: 8 -Problem: 23 >> Studies have shown there are major differences in types of organisms inhabiting different areas of the Bay. How do the data you recorded in Table 8.2 help to explain this finding?
Answer Preview: While temperature average is the same for both stations the Upper Bay stati…

, Chapter: 7 -Problem: 23 >> Examine the photos in following figure and list 3 traits of the zonkey that are different from its dam. Transcribed Image Text: (b) The zonkey and its dam-a donkey (a) Male zebra who sired the zonkey (c) The yearling zonkey
Answer Preview: Examples could include st…

, Chapter: 9 -Problem: 13 >> Examine the following figure (a). In 3€“4 sentences, describe the general pattern of H5N1 avian flu that is shown in this map. Tell what continents and approximate latitudes are affected, where the flu seems to be most common in poultry, and where wild birds are the only cases reported so far.(a) Transcribed Image Text:
Answer Preview: China by far has the most bird flu in poultry followed by central Russian …

, Chapter: 10 -Problem: 23 >> What is the molecular definition of determination?
Answer Preview: Express…

, Chapter: 9 -Problem: 9 >> The World Health Organization Global Influenza Programme is developing “pre-pandemic” candidate vaccines based on H5N1 viruses from infected humans. These pre-pandemic vaccines are needed for preparedness planning and are used in studies that inform dosage, cross-reactivity, and cross-protection. They are also available for governments to request for pilot vaccine production (World Health Organiza
Answer Preview: The H and N antigens are capable of mutation within th…

, Chapter: 10 -Problem: 18 >> Which are vertebrates and to what class does each belong?
Answer Preview: The vertebrat…

, Chapter: 2 -Problem: 6 >> Some microbes have adaptations for osmoregulation in order to live successfully in high-salt environments. When the brine is added, the populations of bacteria and fungi found in the koji change. Do you expect greater or lesser microbial diversity? Why?
Answer Preview: The differences in osmolarity in the tw…

, Chapter: 1 -Problem: 19 >> Describe how the most effective substance worked to remove the paste.
Answer Preview: Amylase breaks down …

, Chapter: 2 -Problem: 4 >> In the koji stage of soy sauce production, Aspergillus fungi digest soybeans and wheat. Aspergillus uses some of the glucose produced by the breakdown of the carbohydrates to generate ATP through cellular respiration or fermentation. Examine Figure 9.9 and answer the following questions about glycolysis, the first stage of respiration.a. How many different enzymes shown in Figure 9.9 are used to t
Answer Preview: a 10 b Isomerases facilitate the transformation of one type …

, Chapter: 1 -Problem: 10 >> Test-tube results for the use of IKI. The color change in the contents of each test tube is also shown in the test-tube rack at the upper left corner of the figure. A dark shade indicates a positive iodine reaction (the actual color is dark blue) and a light shade indicates a negative reaction (the actual color is yellow). Because Rob used iodine in this case, you know that iodine is a test for st
Answer Preview: While test tube 2A did contain starch amylas…

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, Chapter: 6 -Problem: 25 >> When corn is infested with ECBs, several types of damage can occur. Late-season borers may invade the corn ears. Not only does this result in an unsightly appearance and decrease in yield, but the damaged sites are also likely to be colonized by bacteria and fungi. Production of toxic by-products from certain species of fungi such as aflatoxin can result in the entire crop being rejected at the mi
Answer Preview: The tunnels disrupt x…

, Chapter: 3 -Problem: 17 >> Which strain is the most dissimilar to NY99? How many differences did you find between this strain and NY99? Do you find this result surprising? Explain.
Answer Preview: MADAGASCAR88 has 15 difference…

, Chapter: 1 -Problem: 25 >> To make mashed potatoes, you boil the potatoes for 25 minutes. The potato chunks begin to disintegrate as you drain them. When you add the butter and milk, the potatoes are thin and gluey—similar to wallpaper paste before it dries. What went wrong?
Answer Preview: Overheating broke the potato granules …

, Chapter: 3 -Problem: 9 >> How do the RNA molecules of these two viruses differ in number and function? In your response, consider the role of both in the formation of mRNA.
Answer Preview: WNV has one singlestranded RNA that can serve as mRNA HIV has two s…

, Chapter: 10 -Problem: 22 >> Specify the location of a cell in your body that:a. contains genetic information on eye color and the production of insulin.b. expresses eye color.c. produces insulin.
Answer Preview: a Open x cells any…

, Chapter: 6 -Problem: 3 >> Each tassel produces 2–5 million pollen grains. One acre of a cornfield may contain 20,000 to 30,000 corn plants, producing up to 68 kg (approximately 150 pounds) of pollen in a single growing season. Each ear has about 1,000 carpellate flowers, although only about 400 seed containing kernels are produced on the average ear.The pollents ovule ratio (P/O) in wind-pollinated plants is often greater
Answer Preview: 400…

, Chapter: 1 -Problem: 23 >> Now that you have learned more about the different types of starch granules, can you infer the type of granules that Rob scraped from the old dress? Explain your response.
Answer Preview: Rob most likely scraped o…

, Chapter: 3 -Problem: 19 >> Construct a line graph that shows the number of states reporting the presence of WNV from 1999 through 2001.
Answer Preview: They should have plotted …

, Chapter: 7 -Problem: 13 >> When the yearling in the case showed signs of low weight gain, he was removed from the pasture. The owners increased his total amount of feed and provided a higher proportion of supplemental feed. The supplemental feed consisted of a mixture of lysine-rich field peas and cereal grains containing methionine and cystine. Why do you think the owners decided to incorporate more amino acids in the year
Answer Preview: Horses require protein for growth muscle development skin and hair development and body tissu…

, Chapter: 9 -Problem: 34 >> Which of your three media choices would be the most useful for convincing your classmates that avian flu is a real biological concern? Explain.
Answer Preview: A good response will identify connections b…

, Chapter: 6 -Problem: 33 >> All the refuge plans shown in the following figure provide an interface between Bt and non-Bt corn. Do you think the block refuge or the split planter refuge would be more likely to facilitate the opportunity for a rare Bt-resistant corn borer moth to mate with a moth that isn€™t Bt-resistant? Explain. Transcribed Image Te
Answer Preview: The split planter refuge provides more access opportu…

, Chapter: 9 -Problem: 44 >> Is this more likely to be a strain of the virus that is transmitted only from avian to human or a strain that is transmitted from human to human? Explain.
Answer Preview: Humantohuman transmis…

, Chapter: 1 -Problem: 24 >> As you begin to prepare turkey gravy, you carefully blend 2 tablespoons of cornstarch into a cup of cold water. You add the mixture to the turkey broth, but then you forget to stir it. Your gravy turns out lumpy. How did the mistake ruin the gravy?
Answer Preview: The cornstarch was allowed to stand aft…

, Chapter: 6 -Problem: 9 >> Do the embryo and endosperm contain genetic information from the female gamete, the male gamete, or both?
Answer Preview: Both the embryo and the endosperm contain genetic information from …

, Chapter: 4 -Problem: 9 >> Compare the table of characters to the cladogram. Do cladograms contain the same information as the table? Are cladograms more useful? Explain.
Answer Preview: Cladograms allow you to group taxa by shared characters in a con…

, Chapter: 3 -Problem: 15 >> The day after Russell’s blood sample was tested for WNV, he was told that the results were positive. What organisms were likely involved in Russell’s infection with WNV? Is it likely he will pass on the disease?
Answer Preview: Most likely a mosquito that feeds on birds and mammals bit an infected bird and then bit Rus…

, Chapter: 6 -Problem: 24 >> How does this type of growth in the leaves help grasses survive being eaten by herbivores such as bison?
Answer Preview: Browsers such as bison would substantially slow the regrowth of grasses …

, Chapter: 5 -Problem: 8 >> Consider the map in Figure 5.1 carefully. Are there geographic and/or climatic similarities between Colter College and its sister college in Scotland? Explain. Transcribed Image Text: Cold Cool Temperate Arld Tropical Tropical Colter sister college College Arld Cool Temperate Cold
Answer Preview: Both were tropical …

, Chapter: 10 -Problem: 13 >> What does the phylogram tell us about the hedgehog gene in mammals and birds as compared to the hedgehog gene in mammals and amphibians?
Answer Preview: Mammals and birds shar…

, Chapter: 9 -Problem: 26 >> In the acquired immune response, two types of lymphocytes, B cells and T cells, are the key players.a. Compare and contrast the antigen receptors of B and T cells.b. B and T cells can only recognize antigens when they are in specific locations. Where are the antigens located that B cells can detect?c. Where are the antigens located that the two kinds of T cells can detect? Include the role of the
Answer Preview: a Both B and T cells have thousands of copies of glycoprotein antigen receptors all of them identica…

, Chapter: 7 -Problem: 20 >> Owners of racehorses add oats to the supplemental feed to provide both extra protein for muscle repair and extra carbohydrates for the quick energy needed by these active horses. The excess starch in oats is processed in the large intestine. As you have learned, this may cause problems in horses. One proposed preventive treatment is to add a microbial amylase that functions at a wide range of pH t
Answer Preview: Amylase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of s…

, Chapter: 6 -Problem: 13 >> Farms are spread out all around Macon County. Two members of the growers€™ cooperative had samples of seed from corn left in their fields that tested for the presence of Bt genes. Compare the test results of field A and field B in the following figure. Transcribed Image Text: Macon County B.
Answer Preview: Field A shows a gradu…

, Chapter: 10 -Problem: 14 >> Does this ultrametric tree provide information about the rate of change in the hedgehog gene for these animal groups? If not, what information can be inferred from this tree?
Answer Preview: Nothing can be inferred about t…

, Chapter: 6 -Problem: 16 >> Draw a new rectangle to represent field C with results that would support Sam’s hypothesis. Explain the significance of the pattern of Bt genes in your sketch.
Answer Preview: Example of a student sketch The …

, Chapter: 2 -Problem: 2 >> Describe a typical enzyme-substrate complex. What mechanisms do enzymes use to lower activation energy and speed up a reaction?
Answer Preview: Enzymes are proteins that contain a pocket or groove known as the active site The active site is the …

, Chapter: 9 -Problem: 21 >> Given what you now know about the location of avian influenza and bird migration, make an inference about where you think this disease is most likely to be first detected in the United States. Explain your reasoning.
Answer Preview: It will most likely arrive in Alaska first The avian flu is more prevalent in the f…

, Chapter: 7 -Problem: 6 >> Once a horse swallows a bolus of food and it enters the stomach, strong muscles at the cardiac end of the stomach prevent the animal from regurgitating its food. How does this differ from the swallowing process in ruminants?
Answer Preview: The ruminant swallows a bolus of food that may go to either the rumen or the reticulum The cow per…

, Chapter: 6 -Problem: 4 >> Pollen grain size is significant (see following figure). If a pollen grain is too large, it may not disperse well; however, if it is too small, there will be insufficient resources to produce a pollen tube long enough to reach the ovules. Corn pollen averages 120 ?m in diameter, which is muchlarger than either horse chestnut or oak pollen. Unlike either of these tree pollens, corn has  to support
Answer Preview: Corn pollen requires more nutrients to support the growth of pollen tubes that are up to 15 times …

, Chapter: 10 -Problem: 5 >> The researchers found that UV irradiated mice given cyclopamine had 0.4 tumors per mouse, while those that did not get the drug had 1.3 tumors per mouse, and after a statistical test found p < 0.01. How effective was cyclopamine in treating BCC in the mice?
Answer Preview: The mice that received water the controls visibly have many more tumo…

, Chapter: 5 -Problem: 12 >> During the Carboniferous, forests grew to unprecedented heights. Describe one adaptation in plants that would account for this dramatic change.
Answer Preview: They might also mention that vascular tissue…

, Chapter: 10 -Problem: 11 >> Explain how a failure to have cell division occurs at a critical time during development could lead to lambs with one eye. See Section 18.4 on critical events in the development of left-right symmetry and body plan.
Answer Preview: The hedgehog genes help determine …

, Chapter: 9 -Problem: 42 >> Which two age groups experienced the highest increase in the number of influenza- and pneumoniarelated deaths between 1917 and 1918?a. How many times greater is the 1918 total than the 1917 total for each of these two groups?b. If you were the same age you are now, how much more likely would you have been to succumb from an influenza- or pneumonia-related death in 1918 than in 1917?
Answer Preview: 1524 and 2534 a 151 times and 170 t…

, Chapter: 1 -Problem: 27 >> Manufacturers need a starch that allows their product to be pourable but does not thicken too much as it cools. Explain your choice. Read the following product description and determine which starch would be the best choice for a manufacturer. The cost of dent starch is low, waxy starch is more expensive, and chemically modified waxy starches are the most expensive. Although cost is always an impo
Answer Preview: The best choice is B Waxy starch is …

, Chapter: 9 -Problem: 2 >> What molecule does the H stand for in the name of both viruses, where is the H molecule located on the virus, and what role does the H molecule play in the life cycle of the virus?
Answer Preview: H stands for hemagglutini…

, Chapter: 2 -Problem: 9 >> Are ethanol and lactate oxidized or reduced in these reactions?
Answer Preview: They are b…

, Chapter: 9 -Problem: 32 >> What kinds of organizations produce the websites containing the media that you have listed?
Answer Preview: Posters or advertisements are generated by governmental organ…

, Chapter: 7 -Problem: 3 >> Where are the microbes (mostly facultatively anaerobic) involved in digestion primarily located in the cow, horse, and human?
Answer Preview: In cows most of the digestive microbes live in two of the stomach chambers t…

, Chapter: 3 -Problem: 7 >> Animal viruses are classified by the type of nucleic acid found within the capsid. Using Table 19.1 in your textbook and the clues provided in the passage above, identify the classes for WNV and HIV. Provide an example of another virus from the same class for each.WNV Class             ............................. HIV Class Example:                 ............................ Example:
Answer Preview: WNV Class IV Example Yel…

, Chapter: 10 -Problem: 16 >> How could phylogenetic and ultrametric trees help inform researchers interested in designing experiments to study the hedgehog pathway?
Answer Preview: In addition to their value in evolutionary biology comparative genomic studies confirm the rele…

, Chapter: 7 -Problem: 2 >> Compare the digestive systems of cattle (in this instance a cow), horses, and humans using following figure, as well as Figure 41.19 and 41.9 in your text. a. How does the structure of the stomach in these three organisms differ?b. Examine the following figure. Note the significant difference in the relative capacity of the stomach when comparing a horse with a cow. What do you think this indicate
Answer Preview: a The cow has a fourchambered stomach that includes the rumen reticulum omasum and abomasum …

, Chapter: 7 -Problem: 5 >> The function and structure of the digestive tracts of the cow, horse, and human fit the diets of these animals. The grazers eat primarily leafy vegetation. Omnivores, however, consume more calories from plant storage structures (grains, tubers, and roots) than from leaves. Compare the relative sizes and functions of the digestive systems in grazers and omnivores.
Answer Preview: The grazers cow and horse have exceptionally long digestive systems adapted for a di…

, Chapter: 3 -Problem: 2 >> Several alligator farms in the southeastern United States reported an unusually high number of alligator deaths between 2001 and 2003. WNV was determined to be responsible for many of these deaths. Blood samples from infected alligators revealed high titers (some of which were higher than the titers in reservoir host bird species) for WNV. Considering that an adult alligator’s hide is too thick fo
Answer Preview: One possible way that alligators could have contracted West Nile virus …

, Chapter: 10 -Problem: 2 >> What is cancer?
Answer Preview: Cancer is a disease in cells in which control of cell di…

, Chapter: 6 -Problem: 14 >> Which field results would tend to support John’s explanation of how pollen traveled from DeWitt to Macon County? Why?
Answer Preview: Field A The gradation seems to indi…

, Chapter: 7 -Problem: 4 >> Compare the function of the stomach in the cow, horse, and human. Also, comment on the ability of each organism to digest cellulose in the stomach.
Answer Preview: The cow as a ruminant has multiple chambers in its stomach two of which con…

, Chapter: 5 -Problem: 7 >> Which of the four global landmasses shown in Figure 25.16 corresponds to the Carboniferous?
Answer Preview: Pangaea th…

, Chapter: 10 -Problem: 25 >> What are the major differences between stem cells found in embryonic tissue and those found in adult tissues?
Answer Preview: Embryonic or fetal stem cells are totipotent ie are beli…

, Chapter: 3 -Problem: 10 >> Compare and contrast the reproductive life cycle of WNV (See the following figure) to that of HIV. Transcribed Image Text: The virus binds to a protein on the surface of a cell (not shown here) and enters the cell. e The genomic RNA and capsid proteins are released into the cytoplasm of the cell for
Answer Preview: Both viruses enter the cell after the interaction of envelop…

, Chapter: 1 -Problem: 18 >> Which substance worked best? What does this tell you about the composition of wallpaper paste?
Answer Preview: Substance A the product with …

, Chapter: 3 -Problem: 4 >> Although humans produce low titers of WNV particles in their blood and don’t erve as reservoirs for this vector-disseminated disease, human-to-human transmission of WNV is possible. Explain how a transfusion of infected blood can result in the dissemination of WNV.
Answer Preview: In order for West Nile virus to be spread from human to human through a …

, Chapter: 6 -Problem: 36 >> In developing nations, farmers generally depend on crops that produce both food and seed. Develop arguments both for and against the distribution of Bt corn seed to farmers in developing nations. Is a growing reliance on seed companies problematic, or do the benefits outweigh the risks? Distribution The word "distribution" has several meanings in the financial world, most
Answer Preview: Consider reading the following two position papers from Action Bioscience on the Case Book website T…

, Chapter: 9 -Problem: 43 >> Scientists were puzzled why the 1918 flu resulted in increased deaths in specific age groups. What was so unexpected?
Answer Preview: In most diseases the very young …

, Chapter: 2 -Problem: 5 >> In the moromi phase of soy sauce production, the osmotic conditions for microbes are drastically changed. Sketch a generic cell showing what happens to most cells when they are placed in brine. Explain your sketch.
Answer Preview: They should sketch a shrinking cell showing w…

, Chapter: 9 -Problem: 33 >> Briefly describe the biological images used and how each relates to the avian flu—for example, a masked and gloved (to prevent viral infection) worker examining poultry (potential carriers of H5N1).
Answer Preview: For this example images of chi…

, Chapter: 9 -Problem: 47 >> The total number of recovered individuals (R) in Scenario 2 is 145 as compared to 180 in Scenario 1. What does this tell us about the efficacy of isolation in this model?Scenario 1Consider the following simulation results (see the following figure) based on a hypothetical scenario in which four poultry workers from Tennessee infected with an H5N1 strain are moved to a health facility with a popula
Answer Preview: Isolatio…

, Chapter: 9 -Problem: 16 >> Update the following figure with the most recent data on the map. Go to the website gamapserver/who.int/mapLibrary/ and search for most recent map. Data in the following table are from the World Health Organization, dated July 5, 2013 gamapserver.who.int/mapLibrary/Files/Maps/2013_%20AvianInfluenza_GlobalMap_05Jul13.png" T
Answer Preview: Country 2007 Case…

, Chapter: 10 -Problem: 21 >> Would you have predicted the answers to questions 8 and 9? Why or why not?
Answer Preview: We think most learners would be able to make this prediction If …

, Chapter: 9 -Problem: 4 >> The virus uses the host cell to produce more copies of itself. As the viral RNA replicates in the host, mutations arise much more frequently in the viral genome than in the host genome (which replicates DNA). Why do more mutations occur in the virus than in the host?
Answer Preview: There is no e…

, Chapter: 1 -Problem: 2 >> In the case narrative, Rob learned that the stain near the neckline of the dress contained starch. What specific types of macromolecule are starch and cellulose?
Answer Preview: Starch and…

, Chapter: 5 -Problem: 18 >> a. Following figure is an image of a fossilized echinoderm. Estimate the actual diameter of the fossil.b. If a penny has an actual diameter of 0.75 inch, how many times would this fossil fit across the diameter of a penny? Transcribed Image Text: 1 cm Scale
Answer Preview: a Using the scale bar the …

, Chapter: 10 -Problem: 7 >> Examine the following figure and identify which molecules are involved in reception, transduction, and response in the hedgehog pathway. Transcribed Image Text: (a) (b) Hedgehog ligand (Shh) When Shh binds at Ptch, Smo is released from inhibition. Membrane Cytoplasm Patched Smoothened Ptch inhibits
Answer Preview: Ptch and Smo are involved in …

, Chapter: 9 -Problem: 10 >> A new strain of H5N1 avian flu could emerge that would result in human-to-human transmission.a. Why is vaccine development not the highest priority right now?b. Once an epidemic has started, vaccine development will be a high priority. Epidemics often occur in “waves” of illness, with different segments of the population becoming ill each time. Three waves of disease, each lasting weeks, are not r
Answer Preview: a The new strain would be different from what is around right now Any vac…

, Chapter: 10 -Problem: 4 >> Prepare a graph of these data showing the effect of time on tumor production in the two treatments. Put both treatments on the same graph, on two separate lines.a. On the basis of the shape of the curves, explain the patterns of tumor production in control and experimental mice in weeks 34–52.b. What is the overall percentage increase in tumors for control versus experimental mice?c. Which of thes
Answer Preview: a For control mice a sigmoidshaped curve is shown in which cancer production is slow between weeks 3…

, Chapter: 9 -Problem: 35 >> If you were asked to produce a brochure to advise a segment of the public in your country about the risks of avian flu, what group would you select as the target audience? Explain your choice.
Answer Preview: Due to interests and might include poultry workers po…

, Chapter: 1 -Problem: 8 >> Explain why Rob did not have to worry that the amylase cleaning solution would damage the dress.
Answer Preview: Amylase is specific for a configuration 14 glycosi…

, Chapter: 3 -Problem: 6 >> To analyze the sequences in Table 3.2 (see the next page), you will use manual methods that were used by geneticists until the development of computer-based methods. However, to make your comparison easier, a software program has been used to align the sequences in the table. The basic technique for comparing sequences has three steps: Examining the sequences for noticeable differences in length C
Answer Preview: a These gaps are not present in the actual nucleic acid however they show up in the computers output and often indicate certain kinds of mutations Which of the sequences has either a deletion gaps lea…

, Chapter: 6 -Problem: 29 >> What do you consider to be the limitations of this model of corn growth?
Answer Preview: There is no real stem the leaves dont expand in w…

, Chapter: 3 -Problem: 11 >> Many viruses, including WNV, cold viruses, and flu viruses, reproduce in the host for a short period of time before being destroyed by the host’s immune system. This production of new virus particles occurs during a period in which virus particles are present in the blood (viremia). If Russell, the blood donor in the case, had been infected with WNV, he could safely make future donations once the
Answer Preview: When a person is infected with HIV host cells retain the provirus in t…

, Chapter: 7 -Problem: 10 >> The ecology of digestion relies on the presence of the right balance of microbial populations. For example, over a long period of time, antibiotic treatments can affect digestion in humans, and there are similar effects in cows and horses. Describe the effect of antibiotics and the consequences to digestion.
Answer Preview: On extended courses of antibiotics most ind…

, Chapter: 5 -Problem: 20 >> You suggest a scale bar that is 1 foot long for the final mural. What is the approximate value of this scale bar in meters?(a) 0.4 m(b) 1 m(c) 4 m(d) 10 m
Answer Preview: The answer is …

, Chapter: 9 -Problem: 48 >> Predict generally what you’d expect to see in the SIR model results with respect to S, I, and R individuals. (Consider how these results would differ from not wearing masks.)
Answer Preview: If all the individuals wore masks the transmission r…

, Chapter: 9 -Problem: 25 >> A single virus particle of influenza A is insufficient to initiate disease in humans. It is estimated that between 100 and 1,000 influenza A virus particles are necessary to cause the flu in an individual. A single droplet sneezed from an infected person is likely to contain sufficient virus particles to initiate the disease.Explain why a single virus particle is insufficient. To do this, describe
Answer Preview: a Barrier defenses such as skin mucous membranes enzymes in saliva and tears stomac…

, Chapter: 1 -Problem: 12 >> Now examine the results for the Benedict’s solution test. Color changes are shown in the rack containing tubes 1–4 at the middle right. A dark shade indicates a positive test (the actual color is reddish brown). A light shade indicates a negative test (the actual color is blue). Do you think Benedict’s solution is a test for starch, amylase, or maltose? Explain.
Answer Preview: Benedicts solution must be a test for maltose The tests w…

, Chapter: 6 -Problem: 6 >> How do you think a rose is pollinated? Consider your own experience with roses as well as the image provided in Figure 6.2. List two personal observations to support your answer.
Answer Preview: The rose is likely to be pollinat…

, Chapter: 10 -Problem: 17 >> Which of these organisms are invertebrates and to what phylum does each belong?
Answer Preview: The invertebra…

, Chapter: 6 -Problem: 2 >> Is there any advantage for the corn plant to having its staminate flowers higher than its carpellate flowers? Explain.
Answer Preview: The pollen can be more easily …

, Chapter: 7 -Problem: 8 >> The small intestine functions similarly in all three organisms. Describe its function.
Answer Preview: The small intestine is where further digestion of all classes of …

, Chapter: 9 -Problem: 22 >> From which part of the world do you think avian flu came to Egypt? Explain.
Answer Preview: Most likely from the TurkeyEgypt area Two f…

, Chapter: 10 -Problem: 15 >> List all the pairs of animal groups that share a more recent common ancestor than humans and birds.
Answer Preview: Humans an…

, Chapter: 6 -Problem: 19 >> Bt corn is made by replicating the gene for the Bt toxin found in the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis and inserting the gene into corn. Techniques described in Chapter 20 enable the plant engineer to identify plants that have incorporated the Bt gene. Go to the Case Book website to run a simulation for engineering transgenic tomatoes.
Answer Preview: Have they print out an…

, Chapter: 6 -Problem: 27 >> Do you think that the damage in following figure was caused by several caterpillars feeding on the leaves successively or by one or two feeding at the same time? Explain. Transcribed Image Text: A D
Answer Preview: This is just to prompt students to propose an explanation Although the second explana…

, Chapter: 5 -Problem: 22 >> Artists often use insets (small internal drawings) to change the magnification of a portion of a larger drawing. If you wish to show this reptile and its 1-inch-long egg, what magnification might you choose for an inset? Explain.
Answer Preview: Probably nothing …

, Chapter: 10 -Problem: 23 >> What is the molecular definition of determination?
Answer Preview: Express…

, Chapter: 9 -Problem: 38 >> Construct a graph with 1911 to 1919 on the x-axis and 0 to 60 years of age on the y axis. Show separate male and female life expectancy lines by connecting the points plotted for each year versus expected age at death. Provide a suitable title for your graph.
Answer Preview: Two examples of titles are Male …

, Chapter: 10 -Problem: 20 >> Which organism has the most differences in the amino acid sequence compared to the human hedgehog protein sequence? Transcribed Image Text: Scorpion Hh Human Shh Octopus Hh Chicken Shh LARLAVDAGF IHCSVKSESA IHCSVKAENS IHCSVRSDSL IHCSVKAENS YEGRAVDITT DGPHAINSLH SDRDRSKYGM DWVYYESRAH DGHHSEESLH YEGRA
Answer Preview: Octopus The oc…

, Chapter: 9 -Problem: 27 >> Examine Figure 43.20 and focus on the acquired immune system events following first exposure to an antigen. This was the case for the sailors, coal miners, and everyone else infected in 1918.a. How are the innate and the acquired immune systems linked? How does one system inform the other of an invasion by a foreign particle?b. In the acquired immune response, which cells undergo clonal selection
Answer Preview: a At the start of an infection signals from phagocytic cells carrying out innate immune responses ac…

, Chapter: 6 -Problem: 34 >> This activity raises a concern that transgenic crops may reduce biodiversity. In your own words, explain how this might occur and why it is significant.
Answer Preview: Transgenic crops may prove to be so successful that not planting them would result …

, Chapter: 3 -Problem: 5 >> Before you begin your analysis of the nucleotide sequences, use the data in the following figure to make a prediction about the sequence that you would expect to be most similar to the one from Egypt. Make a second prediction about the one you would expect to be most dissimilar. Include number, country, and year. Transcrib
Answer Preview: Most similar 2 France 1965 Reason Closest in tim…

, Chapter: 7 -Problem: 18 >> The pregnant mare would need either grass forage in a different pasture or hay. Supplemental feed alone would not provide the long fiber needed. In the case, the crowding of buffalo in a neighbor’s pasture is criticized. Overcrowding limits available forage and substantially increases the potential for parasite infection. Parasites can be picked up when animals eat the larvae of flatworms and roun
Answer Preview: Infected animals shed the para…

, Chapter: 5 -Problem: 10 >> The first recorded use of coal occurred about 3,000 years ago at the Fushun mine in northeastern China. At that time, the people thought of coal as just a remarkable stone that could burn. Based on the following figure , where do you think the land that is now China was located during the Carboniferous? Explain your reasoning.
Answer Preview: The landmass that is now Chin…

, Chapter: 9 -Problem: 17 >> Use the updated following figure to calculate the death rate due to bird flu for Indonesia, Vietnam, China, and Egypt. Death rate = (number dead/total cases) × 100%. Round to nearest 0.1%. Transcribed Image Text: LNITID KNDOM OF GEAT IAN AND MO ELAN DEM Jowib UAN FEDIRATION ThoowSiIVA UKRAIN ERANCE
Answer Preview: These values will change if the…

, Chapter: 7 -Problem: 12 >> Grass forage and hay consist largely of structural carbohydrates in the form of fiber, primarily cellulose. The fiber provides the raw material necessary for the growth and maintenance of microbial flora required for good horse health. We know that fiber is processed mainly in the hindgut. However, where does the processing of the fiber begin?
Answer Preview: Mechanical digestion …

, Chapter: 9 -Problem: 37 >> Describe at least three examples of biological information you would include for this particular group.
Answer Preview: H5N1 is a new potentially fatal virus …

, Chapter: 7 -Problem: 15 >> Compare the proportions of grass forage and supplemental feed in the total feed mix for the normal-weight horse with hard activity and the normal-weight horse with light activity.
Answer Preview: The normalweight hardworking horse recei…

, Chapter: 6 -Problem: 21 >> Although both of these strategies are examples of artificial selection of crop plants, describe two differences between these approaches.
Answer Preview: Among the answers might be the following Hybridizati…

, Chapter: 10 -Problem: 3 >> What are some of the causes of cancer?
Answer Preview: Cancer has many causes including mutatio…

, Chapter: 9 -Problem: 40 >> Which age group had the highest number of influenza- and pneumonia-related deaths in 1917?
Answer Preview: Age …

, Chapter: 6 -Problem: 23 >> What are some of the disadvantages of applying sprays?
Answer Preview: The effects of direct bacterial applications are sh…

, Chapter: 5 -Problem: 21 >> Now that you know the dimensions of the mural and the magnification that accommodates the largest trees, what size would a 1-foot-long reptile be in the mural?
Answer Preview: An organism 1 foot long in …

, Chapter: 1 -Problem: 13 >> Using either the iodine test or the Benedict’s test, design an experiment to examine other factors in the action of amylase on starch. Your experiment should test only one of the following variables: pH, incubation temperature, incubation time, boiling, or freezing.a. What question will you investigate in your experiment?b. Restate the question as a hypothesis (see Chapter 1 in your textbook for a
Answer Preview: When evaluating a students experiment make sure the student has varied only one r…

, Chapter: 6 -Problem: 10 >> Do both the embryo and the endosperm have the same number of chromosomes? Explain.
Answer Preview: No The embryo has fewer chromosomes One sperm nucleus fertilizes …

, Chapter: 1 -Problem: 11 >> What is the purpose of adding iodine to test tubes 1A and 3A?
Answer Preview: Iodine is added to test tube 1A to test the effectiveness of the iodine solution …

, Chapter: 9 -Problem: 8 >> a. Explain how the location of human glycoprotein receptors for H1, H2, and H3 influenza A antigens facilitates transmission of these strains among humans.b. Explain how the location of human glycoprotein receptors for H5 influenza A antigens has contributed to the failure—so far—of this virus to be readily transmitted among humans.
Answer Preview: a Because these H1 H2 and H3 antigens bind to receptors that are closest to the exterior of human…

, Chapter: 2 -Problem: 7 >> Yet another challenge faces the microbes in moromi. After the brine is added, workers place the moromi in airtight containers for several months. Which types of microbes will survive under these conditions? Explain how they will obtain energy for life processes.
Answer Preview: The microbes that survive are those that can produce ATP in the absence o…

, Chapter: 9 -Problem: 28 >> Immunization against common strains of human-to-human transmissible influenza A is needed every year because the seasonal flu mutates readily. In the case of the 1918 flu, immunization was poorly understood and not available. For a possible H5N1 pandemic, immunization will play a significant role. In the acquired immune system, how does an immunization protect a person from a disease like flu?
Answer Preview: The inoculation stimulates the immune response in the same way that first exposure to an intact …

, Chapter: 2 -Problem: 22 >> Explain why ethanol is considered an electron donor in this redox reaction.
Answer Preview: Ethanol loses electrons when it is conver…

, Chapter: 1 -Problem: 1 >> 1. Recognize potential issues and major topics in the case. What is this case about? Underline terms or phrases that seem to be important to understanding this case. Then list 3 or 4 biologyrelated topics or issues in the case.2. What specific questions do you have about these topics? By yourself, or better yet, in a group, make a list of what you already know about this case in the “What Do I Kno
Answer Preview: 1 Biologyrelated topics or issues how museum textile conservators work starch and its removal cellul…

, Chapter: 4 -Problem: 21 >> How might the prosecuting attorney answer this argument?
Answer Preview: The researchers did use a tiny fragment of DNA; however, to establish the identificatio…

, Chapter: 9 -Problem: 6 >> Suppose a human host suffering from seasonal influenza A (readily transmitted from human to human) comes down with avian flu at the same time. What serious consequences might result?
Answer Preview: If the viruses reassort …

, Chapter: 4 -Problem: 28 >> Which of the trees based on molecular sequence data shown in Figure 4.10 supports hypothesis A in tree B? Explain. Transcribed Image Text: 125 rDNA k-casein
Answer Preview: The k-casein tree shows the common ancestor for whales and h…

, Chapter: 5 -Problem: 13 >> Why do we refer to coal as a “fossil fuel”?
Answer Preview: Coal is the product of organic debris that ac…

, Chapter: 2 -Problem: 11 >> Why isn’t the remaining grape sugar converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide?
Answer Preview: When the mic…

, Chapter: 9 -Problem: 12 >> Resistance of avian influenza A to oseltamivir has already been observed. For example, a resistant H5N1 influenza A mutant has been isolated from a human. There was a substitution of a single amino acid at position 274, in which a tyrosine replaces histidine (deJong et al., 2005). Explain how resistance to a drug increases the fitness of the virus.
Answer Preview: If there is a mixed population of viruses some with …

, Chapter: 8 -Problem: 22 >> Choose data from two stations, one from the upper Chesapeake Bay and one from the lower Chesapeake Bay near the ocean. Click on the icon to open the station€™s site. Look at the following variables during August: dissolved oxygen, water temperature, pH, and water clarity. Enter the data for each station in the following table.
Answer Preview: They were told to choose data from …

, Chapter: 3 -Problem: 18 >> How do you think WNV arrived in New York City? Consider what you’ve learned previously about transmission of this disease.
Answer Preview: It is unlikely that a human traveler brought WNV to New York We know t…

, Chapter: 4 -Problem: 30 >> Do you think molecular sequence data are helpful characters to use to infer phylogenetic relationships? What concerns might you have if a tree were based on a single molecule?
Answer Preview: Molecular sequence data are helpful, but these data should be considered c…

, Chapter: 9 -Problem: 46 >> All infected individuals (I) eventually become recovered individuals (R). What does this tell us about the severity of the viral disease in this model—that is, what is the mortality rate observed here?
Answer Preview: Mortality is z…

, Chapter: 6 -Problem: 11 >> List the hypotheses posed by the DeWitt County growers as to how new Bt corn found its way into the Macon County growers’ grain elevators.
Answer Preview: John x pollen …

, Chapter: 2 -Problem: 25 >> Treatment for methanol ingestion involves giving the patient an alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor. Explain why this is helpful.
Answer Preview: The conversion of methano…

, Chapter: 1 -Problem: 6 >> To remove the stain from the dress, Rob treated the stain with a cleaner containing the hydrolytic enzyme amylase. Explain what happens to starch at the molecular level when it is acted upon by amylase. You may wish to sketch the structure of starch to show how this enzyme works. Transcribed Image Text:
Answer Preview: As a hydrolytic enzyme amylase breaks apart starch by adding a w…

, Chapter: 6 -Problem: 22 >> Many farmers growing corn using conventional methods still choose to apply B. thuringiensis sprays. What are the advantages of this strategy for controlling ECBs?
Answer Preview: The farmers use the bacterial mixture because it works well …

, Chapter: 4 -Problem: 28 >> Which of the trees based on molecular sequence data shown in Figure 4.10 supports hypothesis A in tree B? Explain.
Answer Preview: The k-casein tree shows the common ancestor for whales and h…

, Chapter: 7 -Problem: 19 >> Easy-keeper horses are usually insulin-resistant. Because their bodies do not respond to normal insulin levels, they maintain abnormally high levels of insulin compared with horses that are not easy keepers. Easy keeper horses tend to convert excess carbohydrates to fat and require less food to maintain their weight. Easy keepers easily become overweight on supplemental feed. How might this geneti
Answer Preview: This genetic trait may have adaptive value for horse popula…

, Chapter: 5 -Problem: 14 >> You observe samples from two coal balls collected in different places. Sample 1 contains roots and stems of tree-size lycophytes and horsetails. Sample 2 contains evidence of sphagnummoss “leaves,” yellow cedar needles, and alder pollen. From what time period do you think each sample originated? Explain your answer.
Answer Preview: Sample 1 is consistent with Carboniferous coal balls Treesize lyco…

, Chapter: 2 -Problem: 20 >> To preserve flavor in modern times, brewed soy sauces are not boiled but are pasteurized (heated to a temperature of about 60°C [140°F]) before being bottled. Pasteurized soy sauce tastes better than boiled soy sauce. What does pasteurization do? Why should opened bottles of soy sauce be stored in the refrigerator?
Answer Preview: Pasteurization raises the temperature to only 60C, which is sufficient to kill off many microbes, b…

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