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Chapter: 8 -Problem: 8 >> A soil contains 4% humus, 10% montmorillonite, 10% vermiculite, and 10% Fe, Al oxides. What is its approximate cation exchange capacity?
Answer Preview: Compute CEC(cation exchange capacity) associated with humus CEC=mxC Here. m is mass and C is c…

, Chapter: 16 -Problem: 5 >> Compare the resource-conservation and environmental-quality issues related to each of the three so-called fertilizer elements, N, P. and K.
Answer Preview: Nitrogen (N). phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) are the three nutrients commonly included in any fertilizer as they improve soil quality and productivi…

, Chapter: 10 -Problem: 8 >> Using the information in Table and assuming only Na+ and Ca2+ are present and the SAR = 1, calculate the TDS (mg/L) and ECw, of the solution represented by 10 mmolc L-1 on the x-axis scale in Figure.
Answer Preview: From figure 10 21, for solution concentration of 10 m…

, Chapter: 18 -Problem: 9 >> What radionuclides are of greatest concern in soil and water pollution, and why are they not more readily taken up by plants?
Answer Preview: Soil contains small quantities of radioactive isotopes or radio nuclides such as 238 U, 40 K. 87 Rb, 14 C and many other elements. The radio nuclides …

, Chapter: 6 -Problem: 6 >> What is the role of evaporation from the soil (E) in determining water-use efficiency, and how does it affect ET? List three practices that can be used to control losses by E.
Answer Preview: The role of evaporation from the soil is defined as the water content in …

, Chapter: 13 -Problem: 11 >> Why are S deficiencies in agricultural crops more widespread today than 20 years ago?
Answer Preview: Due to the green house effect, frequency of floods occurrence has …

, Chapter: 7 -Problem: 12 >> If you were to build a house below ground in order to save heating and cooling costs, would you firmly compact the soil around the house? Explain your answer.
Answer Preview: The soil around the underground houses should not be compac…

, Chapter: 19 -Problem: 5 >> What are the advantages of using aerial photos as a map base in making a soil survey?
Answer Preview: The air photos are made with panchromatic black and white film. A range of light wave lengths that c…

, Chapter: 9 -Problem: 7 >> Discuss the significance of soil pH in determining specific nutrient availabilities and toxicities, as well as species composition of natural vegetation in an area.
Answer Preview: Significance of soil pH in determining nutrients availability-In stron…

, Chapter: 17 -Problem: 11 >> In most forests, which component of the ecosystem provides the primary protection against soil erosion by water, the tree canopy, tree roots, or lear litter?
Answer Preview: Low natural soil erosion is observed in forest lands where the forest floor is undisturbed. Th…

, Chapter: 13 -Problem: 2 >> A sandy loam soil under a golf course fairway has an organic matter content of 3% by weight. Calculate the approximate amount of nitrogen (n kg N/ha) you would expect this soil to provide for plant uptake during a typical year. Show your work and state what assumptions or estimates you made to do this calculation.
Answer Preview: An approximate estimate of the amount of N likely to be mineralized for plant uptake each year can b…

, Chapter: 14 -Problem: 6 >> In the spring a certain surface soil showed the following soil test: soil solution K = 20 kg/ha. exchangeable K = 200 kg/ha. After two crops of alfalfa hay that conlained 250 kg/ha of potassium were harvested and removed, a second soil test showed soil solution K = 15 kg/ha and exchangeable K = 150 kg/ha. Explain why there was not a greater reduction in soil solution and exchangeable K levels.
Answer Preview: Cultivation of alfalfa hay requires the management with artificial f…

, Chapter: 7 -Problem: 6 >> Explain why warm weather during periods of saturation is required in order to form a hydric soil.
Answer Preview: Hydric soils are defined as those soils which are gener…

, Chapter: 15 -Problem: 1 >> If a forest soil has 5 mg& (ppm) of Al3+ ions and S mg/L. of Ca2+, ions in the soil solution, what is the ratio of Ca/AI in that solution? (That is, the ratio of molc Ca2+/molc A13+, as presented in Table.)
Answer Preview: Mole is a unit of measurement used to express amounts of a chemical substance. The concentratio…

, Chapter: 7 -Problem: 9 >> What are the three major components that define a wetland?
Answer Preview: The three major components to define a wetland are following: 1. Wetland hydrology The wetland hydro…

, Chapter: 20 -Problem: 6 >> What technological inputs were largely responsible for the remarkable food and fiber-production increases of the past three decades in the developing countries of Asia and Latin America? Will these inputs likely be significant in increasing food and fiber production in the next 30 years? Why or why not?
Answer Preview: The technological advances employing the components of green revolution in the developing countries …

, Chapter: 6 -Problem: 3 >> Describe and give an example of the indirect effects of plants on the hydrologic balance through their effects on the soil.
Answer Preview: The soil features that affect the site for septic tank drain field are following: 1. The …

, Chapter: 20 -Problem: 2 >> Why is soil quality likely of greater societal concern today than it was 100 years ago?
Answer Preview: The soil quality is likely of greater societal concern today than it was 100 years ago. …

, Chapter: 10 -Problem: 1 >> What are the primary sources of alkalinity in soils? Explain.
Answer Preview: Alkaline soils are basically day soils which has a poor soil structure and very low infiltration cap…

, Chapter: 14 -Problem: 1 >> You have learned that nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus are all -fixed- in the soil. Compare the processes of these fixations and the benefits and constraints they each provide.
Answer Preview: Nitrogen is an essential integral component of plants. Many amino acids and nucleic acids that are important in plant growth contain amine group, thes…

, Chapter: 7 -Problem: 5 >> If an alluvial forest soil were flooded for 10 days and you sampled the gases evolving from the, wet soil, what gases would you expect to find (other than oxygen and carbon dioxide)? In what order of appearance? Explain.
Answer Preview: Alluvial forest is defined as the forest which generated by the …

, Chapter: 20 -Problem: 10 >> Africa is the only major region of the world where per-capita food production has declined in the past three decades. What are the reasons for this situation, and what major steps might be taken to change it?
Answer Preview: Africa is the major region of the world where the per capita food production has been declined in th…

, Chapter: 11 -Problem: 9 >> Explain and compare the effects of tillage and manure application on the abundance diversity of soil organisms.
Answer Preview: Tillage Tillage is the agricultural grounding of soil by mechanical shakeup of various types. for ex…

, Chapter: 8 -Problem: 13 >> Explain the importance of Kd and Koc in assessing the potential pollution of drainage water. Which of these expressions is likely to be most consistently characteristic of the organic compounds in question regardless of the type of soil involved? Explain.
Answer Preview: Importance of Soil distribution coefficient (k d ) & organic carbon distribution K oc - The tendency …

, Chapter: 8 -Problem: 10 >> A soil has been determined to contain the exchangeable cations in these amounts: Ca2+ = 9 emote. Mg2+ = 3 cmok. K+ = 1 emote. Al3+ = 3 cmolc.(a) What is the CEC of this soil?(b) What is the aluminum saturation of this soil?
Answer Preview: (a) Calculate cation exchange capacity of soil CEC = CEC ca2+ + CEC Mg2+ + …

, Chapter: 13 -Problem: 5 >> About 2000 kg of wheat straw was applied to 1 ha of land. Tests showed the soil to contain 25 kg nitrate-N per ha. The straw contained OA% N. Now much N was applied in the straw? Explain why two weeks after the straw was applied, new tests showed no detectable nitrate N. Show your work and state what assmptions or estimates you made to do this calculation.
Answer Preview: Amount of wheat straw applied = 2000 kg. Nitrogen present in the straw = 0 …

, Chapter: 6 -Problem: 11 >> Explain under what circumstances earthworm channels might increase downward saturated water flow. but not have much effect on the leaching of soluble chemicals applied to the soil.
Answer Preview: The earthworm in agricultural field take part a vital role in the fertility. they increase the ferti…

, Chapter: 10 -Problem: 4 >> A soil with an abundance of CaCO3 may have a pH no higher than about 8.3, while a nearby soil with high Na2CO3 content has a pH of 10.5. What is the primary reason for this difference?
Answer Preview: The pH value is measurement of acidity and negativ…

, Chapter: 11 -Problem: 4 >> What are the four main types of metabolism carried out by soil organisms relative to their sources of energy and carbon?
Answer Preview: The four main types of metabolism carried out by soil organisms are …

, Chapter: 13 -Problem: 7 >> What differences would you expect in nitrate contents of streams from a forested watershed and one where agricultural crops are grown, and why?
Answer Preview: Streams from a forested watershed contain low nitrate content compared to strea…

, Chapter: 12 -Problem: 11 >> The manager of a landscaping company is having a bit of an argument with the landscape architect about plans to fertilize and lime the soil in a new installation before planting turf and ornamental trees. The manager planned to use mostly urea for supplying nitrogen. The landscape architect says the urea will have an alkaline reaction and raise the soil pH. The manager says that urea will have an
Answer Preview: Urea (NH 2 -CO-NH 2 ) is a common fertilizer used as nitrogen supplement to soils. It dissolves in w…

, Chapter: 13 -Problem: 4 >> Both sulfur and nitrogen are added to soils by atmospheric deposition. In what situations is this phenomenon beneficial and under what circumstances is it detrimental?
Answer Preview: Nitrogen is an essential integral component of plants. Many amino acids and nucleic acids that are i…

, Chapter: 7 -Problem: 7 >> If you were in the field trying to delineate the so-called drier end of a wetland area, what are three soil properties and three other indicators that you might look for?
Answer Preview: The three properties of a wetland are following: Wetland hydrology The wetland hydrology includes fo…

, Chapter: 10 -Problem: 2 >> Compare the availability of the following essential elements in alkaline soils with that in acid soils:(1) iron,(2) nitrogen.(3) molybdenum. And(4) phosphorus.
Answer Preview: The availability of the essential elements in alkaline soils with tha…

, Chapter: 11 -Problem: 14 >> In what ways are actinomycetes like other groups of bacteria, and in what ways are they special?
Answer Preview: Actinomycetes x They are filamentous and often profusely branched, appearing somewhat like tiny fung…

, Chapter: 11 -Problem: 12 >> Discuss the value and limitations of using specific inoculants for (a) mycorrhizae and (b) disease suppression_ For each type of inoculation, describe a situation for which the chances would be very good for improving plant growth.
Answer Preview: Value of using inoculation for mycorrhizae- Mycorrhizal fungi enlarge the surface absorbing area. It greatly improves the plants ability to access soi…

, Chapter: 13 -Problem: 12 >> How do riparian forests help reduce nitrate contamination of streams and rivers?
Answer Preview: Streams and rivers flowing adjacent to riparian forests and underground …

, Chapter: 14 -Problem: 12 >> For establishment of new turf in a golf fairway, the recommendations from soil testing call for the application of 1000 kg of limestone powder, 200 kg of triple super phosphate fertilizer, and 200 kg of urea. The materials are to be incorporated by raking in to the upper 4 cm of soil. The superintendent suggests that all three materials be mixed together and then applied in a single operation to s
Answer Preview: Fertilizer supplementation at best times, in proper proportions and combinations should be taken int…

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Answer Preview: Often the solid wastes are buried in the ground for their disposal. In the past the wastes were placed in open dumps and are set to a fire. The term l…

, Chapter: 8 -Problem: 7 >> Which of the following would you expect to be most and least sticky and plastic when wet:(1) a soil with significant sodium saturation in a semiarid area.(2) a soil high in exchangeable calcium in a subhumid temperate area. or(3) a well weathered acid soil in the tropics? Explain your answer.
Answer Preview: (1) A soil with significant sodium saturation in a semiarid area is expected to …

, Chapter: 7 -Problem: 10 >> Discuss four plant processes that are influenced by soil temperature.
Answer Preview: The plant processes that are affected by the soil temperature are following: 1…

, Chapter: 9 -Problem: 11 >> A neighbor complained when his azaleas were adversely affected by a generous application of limestone to the lawn immediately surrounding the azaleas. To what do you ascribe this difficulty? How would you remedy it?
Answer Preview: It is the case of over liming. When lime is applied more than needed, it affe…

, Chapter: 10 -Problem: 6 >> What physical and chemical treatments would you suggest to bring the soil described in question 5 back to its original state of productivity?
Answer Preview: When the pH of soil is more than 7 5, then lowering the pH of the soil becomes …

, Chapter: 11 -Problem: 2 >> In the example illustrated in Table. identify the organisms. if any, that play the roles of primary producers. pdmay consumers, and secondary oansumers. and tertiary consumers.
Answer Preview: Primary Producers x This is the first level in food chain in the ecosystem. Plants are called produc…

, Chapter: 12 -Problem: 9 >> In what ways are soils involved in the greenhouse effect that is warming up the Earth? What are some common soil-management practices that could be changed to reduce the negative effects and increase the beneficial effects of soils on the greenhouse effect?
Answer Preview: The greenhouse effect can be defined as the rise in temperature of the atmosphere due to the presenc…

, Chapter: 6 -Problem: 13 >> What soil features may limit the use of a site for a septic tank drain field?
Answer Preview: The use of a septic tank in the field is most commonly used for th…

, Chapter: 8 -Problem: 6 >> Which of the silicate clay minerals would be most and least desired if one were interested in(1) A good foundation for a building,(2) A high cation exchange capacity,(3) An adequate source of potassium, and(4) A soil on which hard clods form after plowing?
Answer Preview: (1) For good foundation for a building- Most desired mineral- Kaolinite Least desir…

, Chapter: 1 -Problem: 2 >> Discuss how a soil, a natural body, differs from soil, a material that is used in building a roadbed?
Answer Preview: A soil refers to the three-dimensional characteristics of earth in a particular area or region. T…

, Chapter: 1 -Problem: 6 >> Explain in your own words how the soil's nutrient supply is held in different forms, much the way that a person's financial assets might be held in different forms.
Answer Preview: The chief components of soil are air, water, mineral matter and organic material. The nutrients available in mineral matter and organic material are r…

, Chapter: 5 -Problem: 2 >> Imagine a root of a cotton plant growing in the upper horizon of an irrigated soil in California's Imperial Valley. As the root attempts to draw water molecules tram this soil, what forces (potentials) must it overcome? If this soil were compacted by a heavy vehicle, which of these forces would be most affectcd? Explain.
Answer Preview: If the soil water contains salts and other chemicals, there is attraction between the molec…

, Chapter: 3 -Problem: 9 >> Explain why Soil Taxonomy is said to be a hierarchical classification system.
Answer Preview: Soil taxonomy is the science of classification and naming of soils. It follows a logical structure b…

, Chapter: 5 -Problem: 7 >> Suppose you measured the following data for a soil: Estimate the total available water-holding capacity (AWHC) of this soil in centimeters of water. Transcribed Image Text: em at different water tensions, kg water/kg dry soil Bulk denstity, Mg/m3 -100 kPa -1500 kPa Horizon - 10 kPa ? (0-30 ??) 0.08
Answer Preview: For horizon A(0 30 cm) Calculate the soil depth for horizon A L = 30 = 0 L = 30 cm Here, L is soi…

, Chapter: 2 -Problem: 5 >> Name the five factors affecting soil formation. With regard to each of these factors of soil formation, compare a forested Rocky Mountain slope to the semiarid grassland plains far below.
Answer Preview: The five principal factors that influence soil formation are: 1. Parent material: This includes the material, such as geological and organic matter, from which the soil originated. 2. Climate: Rain, h…

, Chapter: 5 -Problem: 11 >> For two soils subjected to "no," "moderate," or -severe' compaction, Figure shows the volume fraction (cm3 cm-3) of pores in three size classes. The symbol ? indicates the volume fraction of water. ?v (cm3 cm-3), in each soil. The figure indicates that ?v = 0.35 for the uncompacted clay loam (bulk density =0.75 g cm-3). Show a complete calculation (with all units) to demonstrate that ? in the figu
Answer Preview: The volumetric water content ( v ) is defined as the volume of water associ…

, Chapter: 3 -Problem: 3 >> Rearrange the following soil orders from the least to the most highly weathered: Oxisols, Alfisols, Mains°Is. Entisols. and Inceptisols.
Answer Preview: The five soil orders arranged from least weathered to most weathered are: 1. Entisols: This shows we…

, Chapter: 3 -Problem: 11 >> If you were investigating a site for a proposed housing development, how could you use soil colors to help predict where problems might be encountered?
Answer Preview: Soil color is indicative of the characteristics and properties of soil. The presence and extent of o…

, Chapter: 1 -Problem: 4 >> Think back over your activities during the past week. List as many incidents as you can in which you came into direct or indirect contact with soil.
Answer Preview: The activities that have a direct or indirect connection with soil are: 1. Playing beach volleyball …

, Chapter: 3 -Problem: 8 >> What's in a name? Write a hypothetical soil profile description and land-use suitability interpretation for a hypothetical soil that is classified in the AquicArgixerolls subgroup.
Answer Preview: The soil profile of a hypothetical soil that has been classified in the Aquic Argixerolls subgroup w…

, Chapter: 3 -Problem: 4 >> What is the principal soil property by which Ultisols differ from Alf's°Is? Incepts°Is from Entisols?
Answer Preview: Alfisols differ from Ultisols in their add content. In Paso's, there is moderate leaching in the B h…

, Chapter: 1 -Problem: 1 >> As a society, is our reliance on soils likely to increase or decrease in the decades ahead? Explain.
Answer Preview: Society is likely to increase its reliance on soils in the future. Increasing populations, land conv…

, Chapter: 3 -Problem: 1 >> Diagnostic horizons are used to classify soils in Soil Taxonomy. Explain the difference between a diagnostic horizon (such as an argillic horizon) and a genetic horizon designation (such as a Btl horizon). Give a field example of a diagnostic horizon that contains several genetic horizon designations.
Answer Preview: Genetic horizons' nomenclature indicates the qualitative changes in soil profile as a result of leaching, mixing and physical, chemical and biological …

, Chapter: 5 -Problem: 4 >> Suppose you were hired to design an automatic irrigating system for a wealthy homeowner's garden. You determine that the flower beds should be kept at a water potential above -60 kPa, but not wetter than -10 kPa, as the annual flowers here are sensitive to both drought and lack of good aeration. The rough turf areas, however, can do well if the soil dries to as low as -300 kPa. Your budget allows
Answer Preview: For the water potential above and but not wetter than -10 kPa , tensiometer is used, becaus…

, Chapter: 1 -Problem: 7 >> List the essential nutrient elements that plants derive mainly from the soil.
Answer Preview: The 17 essential nutrients required by plants can be classified under the hea…

, Chapter: 5 -Problem: 8 >> A forester obtained a cylindrical core (L = 15 cm, r = 3.5 cm) of soil from a field site. She placed all the soil in a metal can with a tight-fitting lid. The empty metal can weighed 300 g and when filled with the field-moist soil weighed 972 g. Back in the lab, she placed the can of soil, with lid removed, in an oven for several days until it ceased to lose weight. The weight of the dried can wit
Answer Preview: State the conversion factor 1cm = 0 01 in 15 cm = 0 15 in 3 25 cm = 0 0325 in Calculate volume of th…

, Chapter: 5 -Problem: 9 >> Give four reasons why compacting a soil is likely to reduce the amount of water available to growing plants.
Answer Preview: Four reasons for the reduction in the amount of water due to compaction: 1. C…

, Chapter: 3 -Problem: 6 >> Of the five soil-forming factors discussed in Chapter 2 (parent material, climate. Organisms. topography, and time). choose two that have had the dominant influence on developing soil properties characterizing each of the following soil orders: Vertisols. Mollisols. Spodosols. and Oxisols.
Answer Preview: The two major factors influencing the formation of the following soil types …

, Chapter: 1 -Problem: 5 >> Figure 1.18 shows the volume composition of a loam surface soil in ideal condition for plant growth. To help you understand the relationships among the four components, redraw this pie chart to represent what the situation might be after the soil has been compacted by heavy traffic. Then draw another pie chart to show how the four components would be related on a mass (weight) basis rather than on
Answer Preview: Loam surface soil that is suitable for plant growth consists of the following per volume of soil: Ai…

, Chapter: 2 -Problem: 11 >> Visualize a slope in the landscape near where you live. Discuss how specific soil properties (such as colors. horizon thickness. types of horizons present. etc..) would likely change along the toposequence of soils on this slope.
Answer Preview: The slope of the hill is fairly steep. resulting in higher runoff. The soil is made of laterite pare…

, Chapter: 4 -Problem: 10 >> In a humid region characterized by expansive soils, a homeowner experienced burst water pipes, doors that no longer closed properly, and large vertical cracks in the brick walls. The house had had no problems for over 20 years, and a consulting soil scientist blamed the problems on a large tree that was planted near the house some 10 years before the problems began to occur. Explain.
Answer Preview: Expansive clay soils are found where long dry spells alternate with heavy rain. The Smectite clay so…

, Chapter: 5 -Problem: 5 >> Suppose the homeowner referred to in question 4 increased your budget and asked to use the TDR method to measure soil water contents. What additional information about the soils, not necessary for using the tensiometer. would you have to obtain to use the TDR instrument? Explain.
Answer Preview: TDR (time-domain reflectometry) is used to measure soil water …

, Chapter: 4 -Problem: 3 >> Revisit your answer to question. Explain how soil structure in both the surface and subsurface horizons might modify your opinion of the merits of each farm.
Answer Preview: The silty clay and day soil of the second farm shows fine-textured soil. The soil surface is …

, Chapter: 4 -Problem: 4 >> Two different timber-harvest methods are being tested on adjacent forest plots with day loam surface soils. Initially. the bulk density of the surface soil in both plots was 1.1 Mg/m3. One year after the harvest operations, plot A soil had a bulk density of 1.48 Mg/m3, whi le that in plot B was 1.29 Mg/m3. Interpret these values with regard to the relative merits of systems A and B. and the likely
Answer Preview: Bulk density is the mass of a unit volume of dry soil. The unit volume includes solids and pore spac…

, Chapter: 2 -Problem: 9 >> Assuming a level area of granite rock was the parent material in both cases, describe in general terms how you would expect two soil profiles to differ, one in a warm, semiarid grassland and the other in a cool. humid pine forest.
Answer Preview: The soil profiles of soil in a warm, semiarid grassland and in a cool, humid pine forest would diffe…

, Chapter: 3 -Problem: 5 >> Use the key given in Figure 3.11 to determine the soil order of a soil with the following characteristics: a spodic horizon at 30 cm depth, permafrost at 80 cm depth. Explain your choice of soil order.
Answer Preview: The key to distinguishing soil orders from major diagnostic features begins from the top and moves d…

, Chapter: 1 -Problem: 11 >> Compare the pedological and edaphological approaches to the study of soils. Which is more closely aligned with geology and which with ecology?
Answer Preview: The pedological approach to soil study involves study of abiotic aspects of soil…

, Chapter: 5 -Problem: 6 >> A greenhouse operator was growing ornamental woody plants in 15-cm-tall plastic containers filled with a loamy sand. He watered the containers daily with a sprinkler system. His first batch of 1000 plants yellowed and died from too much water and not enough air. As an employee of the greenhouse, you suggest that he use 30-cm-tall pots for the next batch of plants. Explain your reasoning.
Answer Preview: As in the first case, containers used were 15cm tall. There will be excess of water and loamy sand …

, Chapter: 1 -Problem: 3 >> What are the six main roles of soil in an ecosystem? For each of these ecological roles, suggest one way in which interactions occur with another of the six roles.
Answer Preview: The six main ecological functions of soil and the inter-relationship between them are detailed below: 1. Supports plant growth The various ways in which soil supports plants is listed as under a) Soil …

, Chapter: 4 -Problem: 9 >> What does the Proctor test tell an engineer about a soil, and why would this information be important?
Answer Preview: The Proctor test is used by engineers to determine the extent to which soil can be compacted pr…

, Chapter: 2 -Problem: 10 >> For the two soils described in question 5, make a profile sketch using master horizon symbols and subordinate suffixes to show the approximate depths, sequence, and nature of the horizons you would expect to find in each soil.
Answer Preview: A profile sketch of a Mollisol (grasslands of the Great Plains) and a Spodosol (For…

, Chapter: 1 -Problem: 10 >> Describe four processes that commonly lead to degradation of soil quality.
Answer Preview: Soil degradation occurs due to land misuse and expanding human activities. Land is a finite resource …

, Chapter: 2 -Problem: 2 >> How is water involved in the main types of chemical weathering reactions?
Answer Preview: Water is a geological agent that causes chemical weathering or decomposition of rocks and minerals. Chemical weathering by water takes place by the following processes: 1. Hydration: Water is incorpor…

, Chapter: 5 -Problem: 3 >> Using the terms adhesion, cohesion, meniscus, surface tension, atmospheric pressure, and hydrophilic surface, write a brief essay to explain why water rises up from the water table in a mineral soil.
Answer Preview: Cohesion and adhesion are two basic factors which are responsible for the retention of water and mov…

, Chapter: 4 -Problem: 5 >> What are the textural classes of two soils, the first with 15% clay and 45% silt, and the second with 80% sand and 10% clay?
Answer Preview: The soil texture triangle can be used to determine soil texture according to the composition of clay…

, Chapter: 2 -Problem: 3 >> Explain the weathering significance of the ratio of silicon to aluminum in soil minerals.
Answer Preview: As rock breaks down in chemical decomposition, calcium, potassium and magnesium ions as well as thei…

, Chapter: 2 -Problem: 8 >> Give two specific examples for each of the four broad processes of soil formation.
Answer Preview: The four major processes of soil formation are: 1. Ge…

, Chapter: 5 -Problem: 1 >> What is the role of the reference state of water in defining soil water potential? Describe the properties of this reference state of water.
Answer Preview: The reference state of water is the strength of a pool of pure or unadulterated water at an elevatio…

, Chapter: 5 -Problem: 10 >> Since even rapidly growing, finely branched root systems rarely contact more than 1 or 2% of the soil particle surfaces, how is it that the roots can utilize much more than 1 or 2% of the water held on these surfaces?
Answer Preview: Still roots get immense amount of water. There are two …

, Chapter: 2 -Problem: 1 >> What is meant by the statement, weathering combines the processes of destruction and synthesis? Give an example of these two processes in the weathering of a primary mineral.
Answer Preview: Weathering of rock can occur by physical breakdown on rock into smaller particles and mineral matter …

, Chapter: 1 -Problem: 9 >> Define these terms: soil texture, soil structure, soil pH, humus, soil profile, B horizon, soil quality, solum, and saprolite.
Answer Preview: 1. Soil Texture Soil texture is identified by the proportion and presence or absence of the three major sizes of inorganic soil particles, namely, sand, silt and clay in a soil. Accordingly, soils hav…

, Chapter: 2 -Problem: 6 >> How do colluvium, glacial till, and alluvium differ in appearance and agency of transport?
Answer Preview: Parent material in the form of rocks and residual parent material are formed by different physical processes. They are also transported to great dista…

, Chapter: 2 -Problem: 7 >> What is loess, and what are some of its properties as a parent material?
Answer Preview: Advancing glaciers and meltwater deposit sediment in outwash plains. After they retrea…

, Chapter: 3 -Problem: 2 >> Explain the relationships among a soil individual, a polypedon, a pedon. and a landscape.
Answer Preview: A pedon is a three-dimensional unit of soil sample that is representative of the range of cha…

, Chapter: 3 -Problem: 10 >> Name the soil taxonomy category and discuss the engineering implications of these soil taxonomy classes: Aquic Paleudults, Fragiudults, Haplusterts, Saprists. and Turbels.
Answer Preview: The soil taxonomy category of the following soil taxonomy classes and the engineering implications of construction in these soil categories are discussed below: 1. Aquic: The soil taxonomy category is …

, Chapter: 1 -Problem: 8 >> Are all elements contained in plants essential nutrients? Explain.
Answer Preview: Plants take up many nutrients that are not absolutely essential for plant gro…

, Chapter: 4 -Problem: 7 >> Discuss the positive and negative impacts of tillage on soil structure. What is another physical consideration that you would have to take into account in deciding whether or not to change from a conventional to a conservation tillage system?
Answer Preview: Tillage loosens up soil , helping to break chunky soil into smaller aggregates. Mixing of humus into tilled soil improves soil quality and makes it we…

, Chapter: 2 -Problem: 4 >> Give an example of how parent material may vary across large geographic regions on one hand. but may also vary within a small parcel of land on the other.
Answer Preview: Sedimentary rocks formed by weathering of older rocks and collection of deposits below water are com…

, Chapter: 4 -Problem: 8 >> What would you, as a home gardener, consider to be the three best and three worst things that you could do with regard to managing the soil structure in your home garden?
Answer Preview: Expansive clay soils are found where long dry spells alternate with heavy rain. The Smectite clay so…

, Chapter: 3 -Problem: 7 >> To which soil order does each of the following belong: Psamments. Udolls, Argids, Udepts, Fragiudalfs, Haplustox, and Calciusterts.
Answer Preview: The soil sub-orders and prefixes of Great names give the disting…

, Chapter: 18 -Problem: 1 >> What agricultural practices contribute to soil and water pollution, and what steps must be taken to reduce or eliminate such pollution?
Answer Preview: Heavy soil and water pollution are resultant due to disposal of millions of tons of industrial. dome…

, Chapter: 18 -Problem: 2 >> Discuss the types of reactions pesticides undergo in soils, and indicate what we can do to encourage or prevent such reactions.
Answer Preview: Though pesticides provide some benefits to the society, they also cause harm to the agricultural soi…

, Chapter: 15 -Problem: 7 >> How do Fe and Al oxides effect the availability of Mo and B in soils? Explain.
Answer Preview: Boron is a micronutrient essential for plant growth. Micronutrients are those that are needed in low …

, Chapter: 17 -Problem: 2 >> When erosion takes place by wind or water, what are three important types of damages that result on the land whose soils are eroding? What are five important types of damages that erosion causes in locations away from the eroding site?
Answer Preview: The most important damages caused by wind or water erosion are the soil is washed out by water or blown away by the wind is faster than the soil forma…

, Chapter: 15 -Problem: 5 >> Since only small quantities of micronutrients are needed annually for normal plant growth, would it be wise to add large quantities of these elements now to satisfy future plant needs? Explain.
Answer Preview: Micronutrients are those that are needed in low quantities for plant growth (not only for plants bu…

, Chapter: 20 -Problem: 12 >> In what areas of the world has the decline in soil quality been most extensive? Why has this decline taken place?
Answer Preview: The intensive food production systems employed might have achieved high yields of food crops in the …

, Chapter: 14 -Problem: 5 >> Which is likely to have the higher buffeting capacity for phosphorus and potassium, a sandy loam or a clay? Explain.
Answer Preview: Buffering capacity is the reserving capacity of soil (by fixation) …

, Chapter: 19 -Problem: 9 >> Assume you are planning to buy a 4-ha site on which to start a small orchard, Explain, step by step, how you could use the county soil survey to help determine if the prospective site was suitable for your intended use.
Answer Preview: The soil survey can be carried out in different steps. Mapping of the soils: Mapping of soil is done …

, Chapter: 17 -Problem: 13 >> Which two factors in the wind erosion prediction equation (WEQ) can be affected by tillage? Explain.
Answer Preview: The soil erosion caused by wind can be predicted by wind erosion prediction equation (WEQ). E = f (I…

, Chapter: 16 -Problem: 12 >> Why are nutrient-cycling problems in agricultural system s more prominent than those in forested areas?
Answer Preview: Nutrient cycling is a process of nutrient circulation between living beings and environment. In …

, Chapter: 15 -Problem: 15 >> Since boron is required for the production of good-quality table beets. some companies purchase only beets that have been fertilized with specified amounts of this element. Unfortunately, an oat crop following the beets does very poorly compared to oats following unfertilized beets. Give possible explanations for this situation.
Answer Preview: Boron is a micronutrient essential for plant growth. Micronutrients are those that are needed in …

, Chapter: 15 -Problem: 10 >> What are chelates. how do they function, and what are their sources?
Answer Preview: Chelates are the organic compounds that form complexes with metal ions. Chelating agent…

, Chapter: 17 -Problem: 1 >> Explain the distinction between geologic erosion and accelerated erosion. Is the difference between the two greater in hum id or and regions?
Answer Preview: Erosion is a process that converts the soil into the sediments. Soil erosion may take place naturally without influence of any kind of human activity. …

, Chapter: 17 -Problem: 12 >> Certain soil properties generally make land susceptible to erosion by wind or erosion by water. List four properties that characterize soils highly susceptible to wind erosion. Indicate which two of these properties should also characterize soils highly susceptible to water erosion. and which two should not.
Answer Preview: The soil erosion caused by wind is most commonly observed in arid and semiarid regions. This problem …

, Chapter: 12 -Problem: 2 >> If you wanted to apply an organic material that would make a long-lasting munch on the soil surface, you would choose an organic material with what chemical and physical characteristics?
Answer Preview: Chemical and physical characteristics of long-lasting mulch: The organic mater…

, Chapter: 16 -Problem: 2 >> You want to plant a cover crop in fall to minimize nitrate leaching after the harvest of your corn crop. What characteristics would you look for in choosing a cover crop to ameliorate this situation?
Answer Preview: Cover crops help to conserve soil nutrient levels in a natural way that is beneficial to the ecosyst…

, Chapter: 12 -Problem: 7 >> In this book and elsewhere, the terms soil organic matter are used to mean almost the same thing. How are these terms related, conceptually and quantitatively? Why is the term organic carbon generally more appropriate for quantitative scientific discussions?
Answer Preview: The soil organic matter and soil organic carbon both influence t…

, Chapter: 14 -Problem: 11 >> Compare the organic P levels in the upper horizons of a forested soil with those of a nearby soil that has been cultivated for 25 years. Explain the difference.
Answer Preview: Upper horizons of forest soils contain accumulated layers of soil organic matter, which con…

, Chapter: 4 -Problem: 2 >> You are considering the purchase of some farm land in a region with variable soil textures. The soils on one farm are mostly sandy loams and loamy sands. while those on a second farm are mostly day loams and clays. List the potential advantages and disadvantages of each farm as suggested by the texture of its soils.
Answer Preview: Loamy sands and sandy loam soil is characterized by a high percentage of sand and relatively lower percentages of silt and day. Loamy sand contains 70 X 85 percent of sand and 10 X 15 percent clay. Th…

, Chapter: 7 -Problem: 3 >> If the redox potential for a soil at pH 6 is near zero, write two reactions that you would expect to take place. How would the presence of a great deal of nitrate compounds affect the occurrence of these reactions?
Answer Preview: Redox reaction takes place. Role of oxygen And the effect nitrogen as When the soil becomes ess…

, Chapter: 9 -Problem: 1 >> Soil pH gives a measure of the concentration of H+ ions in the soil solution. What if anything, does it tell you about the concentration of OH- ions? Explain.
Answer Preview: It is known that [H + ] [OH - ] = 1…

, Chapter: 12 -Problem: 10 >> Explain why compost is more environmentally sustainable than peat for use in potting media and as an amendment for golf course greens.
Answer Preview: Composting is a method by which organic waste materials are transformed into humuslike products. Hum…

, Chapter: 6 -Problem: 9 >> What does conservation tillage conserve? How does it do it?
Answer Preview: Conservation Tillage Conservation tillage is done to provide the organ…

, Chapter: 13 -Problem: 10 >> Chemical fertilizers and manures with high N contents are commonly added to agricultural soils. Yet these soils are often lower in total N than are nearby soils under natural forest or grassland vegetation. Explain why this is the case.
Answer Preview: Forest soils contain concentrated deposits of nitrogen because very less nitrogen is …

, Chapter: 10 -Problem: 10 >> What are the advantages of using gypsum (CaSO4 • 2H2O) in the reclamation of a sodic soil? Show the chemical reactions that take place.
Answer Preview: Advantage of using gypsum (CaSO 4 .2H 2 O) in the reclamation of a sodic soil: Adding …

, Chapter: 15 -Problem: 13 >> Animals. both domestic and wild. are adversely affected by deficiencies and toxicifies of two of the micronutrients. Which elements are these. and what are the conditions responsible for their effects?
Answer Preview: Micronutrients are those that are needed in low quantities for plant growth (not only for plants but …

, Chapter: 11 -Problem: 11 >> What is a disease-suppressive soil? Explain the difference between general and specific forms of suppression.
Answer Preview: Disease suppressive soil Suppressive soil is the soil in which cannot be diseased even though the pa…

, Chapter: 15 -Problem: 6 >> Iron deficiency is common for peaches and other fruits grown on highly alkaline irrigated soils of arid regions. even though these soils are quite high in iron. How do you account for this Situation and what would you do to alleviate the difficulty?
Answer Preview: In soils with alkaline pH. the ionic forms of micronutrients are converted into insolub…

, Chapter: 8 -Problem: 5 >> If you wanted to find a soil high in kaolinite, where would you go? The same for(1) Smectite and(2) Vermiculite?
Answer Preview: Occurrence of Kaolinite- In hot, moist climates, those soil, which are formed from the chemical weat…

, Chapter: 18 -Problem: 13 >> What is the principal difference between a soil association on one hand, and a catena on the other? What is the difference between a lithosequence and a toposequence?
Answer Preview: Soil association is general grouping of individual soils that are occurring together in a landscape. …

, Chapter: 9 -Problem: 6 >> Calculate the amount of pure CaCO3 that could theoretically neutralize the H+ ions in a year's worth of acid rain if a 1-ha site received 500 mm of rain per year and the average pH of the rain was 4.0.
Answer Preview: Calculate the amount of CaCO 3 m =kA Here, …

, Chapter: 14 -Problem: 7 >> What is the effect of soil pH on the availability of phosphorus, and what are the unavailable forms at the different pH levels?
Answer Preview: Soluble phosphate fertilizers when added to soils, it is converted into insoluble i…

, Chapter: 6 -Problem: 7 >> Weed control should reduce water losses by what process?
Answer Preview: Weed control for the preservation of water is completed by ripper furrower planting system and …

, Chapter: 20 -Problem: 4 >> Compare the provision of ecosystem services by soils in a mature forest; a mono-cropped, chemical-intensive vegetable farm; and a diverse, integrated vegetable. grain. and livestock farm.
Answer Preview: The soil quality management systems influence the capacity of the soils to perform a specific ecosys…

, Chapter: 15 -Problem: 3 >> What portion of the plant would you look at to find symptoms of Ca and Mg deficiencies. respectively?
Answer Preview: Calcium is an essential macronutrient present all plants and animals. Calcium is actively involved i…

, Chapter: 17 -Problem: 10 >> Why are narrow strips of grass planted on the contour sometimes called a "living terrace"?
Answer Preview: Permanent vegetation with grasses or shrubs are planted as narrow rows on the contour that can be us…

, Chapter: 19 -Problem: 11 >> What is soil quality. how is it measured and of what importance is it to all organisms that live in or on the soil?
Answer Preview: The soil health or soil quality is referred to soil regulation, stability resilience and lack of str…

, Chapter: 16 -Problem: 7 >> How much phosphorus (P) is there ill a 25-kg bag of fertilizer labeled "20-20-10"?
Answer Preview: The percent of phosphorus present in a fertilizer bag labelled as 20-20-10" (stating …

, Chapter: 19 -Problem: 10 >> If you were hired by a state government to produce a GIS-based map showing where investments should be made to protect farmland from suburban development. what layers' of information would you want to include in the GIS?
Answer Preview: The computerized geographic information system (GIS ) is an advanced technology that provides inform…

, Chapter: 20 -Problem: 13 >> How can the proper integration of livestock with crop farming enhance soil quality in (a) developed country intensive agriculture and (b) developing-country low-input agriculture?
Answer Preview: The proper integration of livestock with crop farming enhanced the soil quality. This is achieved by …

, Chapter: 14 -Problem: 9 >> How does phosphorus that forms, relatively insoluble inorganic compounds in soils find its way into streams and other waterways?
Answer Preview: The insoluble inorganic salts of phosphorus are bound to soil particles…

, Chapter: 15 -Problem: 12 >> Two Aridisols. both at pH 8. were developed from the same parent material. one having restricted drainage. the other being well drained. Plants growing on the well-drained soils showed iron deficiency symptoms while those on the less-well-drained soil did not. What is the likely explanation for this?
Answer Preview: In soils with alkaline pH . the ionic forms of micronutrients are converted into insoluble hydroxides or oxides. For example. iron in its mineral form is converted into soluble hydroxyl iron cations and then to insoluble iron hydroxide …

, Chapter: 10 -Problem: 11 >> Calculate the quantity of gypsum needed to reclaim a sodic soil (EPS = 30%) when CEC = 25 cmolc/kg and pH is 10.2. Assume you want ESP no higher than 4%.
Answer Preview: Calculate the change in Na + saturation S = ESP = ESP desired Here, is change …

, Chapter: 17 -Problem: 14 >> Describe a soil in land capability Class Ilw in comparison with one in Class IVe.
Answer Preview: The land capability classification system was devised by U S. Department of Agriculture and has been …

, Chapter: 6 -Problem: 8 >> Comment on the relative advantages and disadvantages of organic versus plastic mulches.
Answer Preview: The following table shows the advantages and disadvantages of Organic and Plastic Mulches: Organic M…

, Chapter: 15 -Problem: 9 >> Soybeans growing on a recently limed soil show evidence of a deficiency of a nutrient. thought by some to be molybdenum. Do you agree with this diagnosis? If not. what is your explanation?
Answer Preview: The diagnosis is wrong Molybdenum is a micronutrient essential for plant growth. Molybdenum is prese…

, Chapter: 7 -Problem: 8 >> For each Of these gases, write a sentence to explain its relationship to wetland conditions: ethylene, methane, nitrous oxide, oxygen, and hydrogen sulfide.
Answer Preview: Relationship of following gases with the wetland condition …

, Chapter: 20 -Problem: 3 >> Why does the biological productivity aspect of soil quality lend to receive more attention than do the aspects dealing with the environment and animal and human health? Is this comparative priority changing? Why?
Answer Preview: Soil quality can be better judged by farmers although they do not use the term. Farmers tend to judg…

, Chapter: 9 -Problem: 4 >> What is meant by buffering? Why is it so important in soils, and what are the mechanisms by which it occurs?
Answer Preview: Buffering x Soil tends to oppose any alteration in the pl-I of the soil solution. when either acid o…

, Chapter: 14 -Problem: 3 >> How does the phosphorus content of cultivated soils in the United States compare with that of nearby forest soils that have never been cleared? What is the reason for this difference?
Answer Preview: Forest soils tend to have large amounts of insoluble phosphorus …

, Chapter: 8 -Problem: 15 >> Explain why there is environmental concern about the adsorption by soil colloids of such normally beneficial substances as antibiotic drugs and natural insecticides.
Answer Preview: Environmental concern about the adsorption by soil colloids-Soil colloids help contr…

, Chapter: 17 -Problem: 9 >> What type of conservation tillage leaves the greatest amount of soil cover by crop residues? What are the advantages and disadvantages of this system?
Answer Preview: Conventional agricultural practices caused extensive soil tillage that leaves the soil bare and unpr…

, Chapter: 10 -Problem: 9 >> Calculate the leaching requirement to prevent the buildup of salts in the upper 45 cm of a soil if the ECdw of the drainage water is 6 dS/m and the ECiw, of the irrigation water is 1.2 dS/m.
Answer Preview: Calculate the leaching requirement LR = EC iw / EC dw He…

, Chapter: 20 -Problem: 7 >> What are the positive and negative effects on soil quality of the intensive agricultural practices of the past half century?
Answer Preview: The technological advances employing the components of green revolution in the developing countries …

, Chapter: 6 -Problem: 2 >> Draw a simple diagram of the hydrologic cycle using a separate arrow to represent these processes: evaporation, transpiration, infiltration, interception, percolation, surface runoff, and soil storage.
Answer Preview: Hydrologic cycle is defined as a cycle which is processes by the action of s…

, Chapter: 18 -Problem: 8 >> Soil organic matter and some silicate clays chemically sorb some organic pollutants and protect them from microbial attack and leaching from the soil. What are the implications (positive and negative) of such protection for efforts to reduce soil and water pollution?
Answer Preview: The organic contaminants in soil are subjected to degradation by chemical and biological processes. …

, Chapter: 12 -Problem: 6 >> What soil properties are mainly influenced by the active and passive pools, respectively, of organic matter?
Answer Preview: The active organic matter is that one which takes half of the normal time taken fo…

, Chapter: 13 -Problem: 8 >> What is acid rain. what are the sources of acidity in this precipitation and how does acidity damage natural ecosystems?
Answer Preview: The atmospheric deposition of sulphur is very essential for plants to synthesise certain enzymes. At…

, Chapter: 11 -Problem: 8 >> What is the rhizosphere. and in what ways does the soil in the rhizosphere differ from the rest of the soil?
Answer Preview: Rhizosphere The term rhizosphere was first coined by Hiltner (1904). The rhizosphere is the s…

, Chapter: 15 -Problem: 14 >> Discuss the role plant breeders and geneticists might play in managing micronutrient deficiencies and toxicities.
Answer Preview: Micronutrients are those that are needed in low quantities for plant growth (not only for plants but …

, Chapter: 10 -Problem: 3 >> The iron analysis of an arid-region soil showed an abundance of this element, yet a peach crop growing on the soil showed serious iron deficiency symptoms. What is a likely explanation?
Answer Preview: Iron is indeed one of the most excessively available minerals in the soil, which constitutes about 5…

, Chapter: 17 -Problem: 5 >> Many people assume that the amount of soil eroded on the land in a watershed (A in the universal soil-loss equation) is the same as the amount of sediment carried away by the stream draining that watershed. What factor is missing that makes this means assumption incorrect? Do you that this means the USLE should be renamed?
Answer Preview: The detachment, transport and deposition processes of soil erosion can be predicted by mathematical models. They are the sets of linked equations that …

, Chapter: 6 -Problem: 14 >> Which irrigation systems are likely to be used where: (a) water is expensive and the market value of crops produced per hectare is high, and (b) the cost of irrigation water is subsidized and the value of crop products that can be produced per hectare is low? Explain.
Answer Preview: Sprinkler system is best one for the irrigation process. This process is used where the amount of wa…

, Chapter: 17 -Problem: 4 >> Describe the three main steps in the water erosion process.
Answer Preview: The soil erosion by water occurs as three step process. 1. Detachment of soil p…

, Chapter: 11 -Problem: 3 >> Describe some of the ways in which mesofauna play significant roles in soil metabolism even though their biomass and respiratory activity is only a small fraction of the total in the soil.
Answer Preview: Mesofauna are invertebrate, which feeds on materials including microorga…

, Chapter: 20 -Problem: 5 >> What is meant by soil resistanceand soil resilience, as they relate to soil quality?
Answer Preview: Soil resistance is the capacity of the soil to resist a change or any kind of force or disturbance. …

, Chapter: 8 -Problem: 12 >> A 100 g sample of a soil was shaken with a strong solution of BaCl2 buffered at pH 8.2. The soil suspension was then filtered, the filtrate was discarded, and the soil was thoroughly leached with distilled water to remove any nonexchangeable Ba2+. Then the sample was shaken with a strong solution of MgCl2 and again filtered. The last filtrate was found to contain 10,520 mg of Mg2+ and 258 mg of Ba
Answer Preview: Consider conversion factor Calculate CEC of Mg 2+ ion (CE…

, Chapter: 17 -Problem: 6 >> Why is the total annual rainfall in an area not a very good guide to the amount of erosion that will take place on a particular type of bare soil?
Answer Preview: The rainfall erosivity factor (R) is a chief factor used in the Universal Soil Loss Equatio…

, Chapter: 7 -Problem: 1 >> What are the two principal gases involved with soil aeration, and how do their relative amounts change as one samples deeper into a soil profile?
Answer Preview: Soil aeration is defined as the entrapment of gases in the soil by some small h…

, Chapter: 16 -Problem: 13 >> Discuss how GIS-based, site-specific nutrient-application technology might improve profitability and reduce environmental degradation.
Answer Preview: Nutrient management in agricultural lands is a very important concept to p…

, Chapter: 11 -Problem: 1 >> What is functional redundancy, and how does it help soil ecosystems continue to function in the face of environmental shocks such as fire, clear-cutting, or tillage?
Answer Preview: The word functional redundancy is often used in Ecology. It refers to the component that is n…

, Chapter: 19 -Problem: 7 >> Assume that you have two wall maps. each approximately 1 m wide by 0.70 m tall. One is a map of Canada. and the other is of a ranch in California. which map is the large-scale map and which is the small-scale map? If the ranch is roughly 20 km from east to west. what might be the approximate scale for its map?
Answer Preview: Several types of mapping units are used in different orders of soil surveys. The scale of a map is t…

, Chapter: 7 -Problem: 2 >> What is aerenchyma tissue. and how does it affect plant—soil relationships?
Answer Preview: Aerenchyma is the tissue found in the plants and tr…

, Chapter: 16 -Problem: 14 >> Discuss the value and limitations of soil tests as indicators of plant nutrient needs and water pollution risks.
Answer Preview: Soil testing is an analysis of soil sample to assess the percent nutrients present and pH o…

, Chapter: 7 -Problem: 13 >> If you measured a daily maximum air temperature of 28 °C at 1 P.M., what might you expect the daily maximum temperature to be at a 15-cm depth in the soil? At about what time of day would the maximum temperature occur at this depth? Explain.
Answer Preview: The relation between temperature and the wid…

, Chapter: 15 -Problem: 2 >> Which is likely to be a better indicator of acidification stress on forest trees, a molar ratio of Ca/Al in leaf tissue less than 1.0 or a molar ratio of Ca/Mn less than 1.0 in the leaf tissue? Why?
Answer Preview: A molar ratio of Calcium (Ca)IAluminium (Al) less than 1 0 in leaf ti…

, Chapter: 10 -Problem: 12 >> What is functional redundancy, and how does it help soil ecosystems continue to function in the face of environmental shocks such as fire, clear-cutting, or tillage?
Answer Preview: The word functional redundancy is often used in Ecology. It refers to the component that is n…

, Chapter: 14 -Problem: 2 >> Assume you add a soluble phosphate fertilizer to an Oxisol and to an Aridisol. In each case, within a few months most of the phosphorus has been changed to Insoluble forms. Indicate what these forms are and the respective compounds in each soil responsible for their formation.
Answer Preview: Soluble phosphate fertilizers when added to soils (including the layers …

, Chapter: 12 -Problem: 4 >> In addition to humic substances. what other categories of organic materials are found in soils?
Answer Preview: The soil organic matter consists of 60-80% humic substances . They are big molecules wi…

, Chapter: 17 -Problem: 15 >> Why is it important that there be a close relationship between land in the CRP and til at considered to be HEL?
Answer Preview: The reduction in soil erosion in United States has been achieved by government programs motivating t…

, Chapter: 10 -Problem: 7 >> What are some of the adverse consequences of using wetlands

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