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Chapter: 2 -Problem: 3 >> Use the General Social Survey to make a pie chart about respondents’ self-reported happiness of marriage (HAPMAR). Be sure to provide a title, source, and show percentages on the pie chart.
Answer Preview: Pie Chart Title: Self-Reported Happin…

, Chapter: 5 -Problem: 22 >> Drawing one card at random from a standard deck of 52 cards, what is the probability of drawing a. The eight of diamonds? b. The eight of diamonds or the eight of hearts? c. An eight? d. A red card? e. A picture card (jack, queen, or king)? f. A card from six through nine, inclusive? g. An odd-numbered card?
Answer Preview: Solution: a. If we assign all thirteen cards from a to nine and eleven at random, the probability of drawing the eight of diamonds is 13 (1) + 12 (2) …

, Chapter: 2 -Problem: 18 >> If 300 live births occur among 3,500 women of childbearing age, what is the birth rate (per 1,000 women of childbearing age)?
Answer Preview: The birth rate is 8 . 57 per 1 , 000 women of child bearing …

, Chapter: 2 -Problem: 19 >> What is the rate of change for a population increase from 15,000 in 1960 to 25,000 in 2000?
Answer Preview: The rate of change is 6 . 25 per year . This ca…

, Chapter: 2 -Problem: 1 >> From the General Social Survey data, find the valid percentage of respondents in 2010 who favored the death penalty for murder (CAPPUN). Next, find the percentage of respondents who said that they are in excellent health (HEALTH). Choose another variable and comment on some aspect of it. Hint: To obtain nationally representative estimates, the data set must be analyzed with the weight “on.” Weight
Answer Preview: Solution: The above entails a tedious and complicated procedure. The more straightforward way, there…

, Chapter: 3 -Problem: 1 >> From the General Social Survey, find out the average number of hours per day of television that people watch. Find the mode, median, and mean for hours of television per day (TVHOURS). Hint: Open the STATISTICS option within the FREQUENCIES procedure to obtain the mode, median, and mean for selected variables. Verify that the data set is weighted by V5 by checking DATA and WEIGHT CASES.
Answer Preview: Solution: The verification of the data set entails a check of the weighted cases by …

, Chapter: 3 -Problem: 31 >> The simple frequency distribution below shows the scores from 40 people who were asked to rate on a scale from 1 to 7 their attitudes toward stem cell research (with 1 being the most favorable attitude toward stem cell research and 7 being the least favorable).Find (a) the mode, (b) the median, and (c) the mean. What must you assume about the scale for the mean to be meaningful?
Answer Preview: Thorough Answer and explanation. (a) The mode is 5. This is the most frequently oc…

, Chapter: 2 -Problem: 20 >> What is the rate of change for a tax increase from $32 billion per year to $37 billion per year?
Answer Preview: The rate of change for the …

, Chapter: 5 -Problem: 10 >> A ________ indicates how far an individual raw score falls from the mean of a distribution; the ________ indicates how the scores in general scatter around the mean. a. Standard deviation; z score b. Z score; standard deviation c. Probability; z score d. Standard deviation; probability
Answer Preview: The correct answer is d: Standard deviation; probability. Standard deviation is a statistical measure of how much variation there is from the average, …

, Chapter: 5 -Problem: 15 >> A group of residents were asked about their support for a homeless shelter being opened in their neighborhood. They were also asked about how long they had lived in the neighborhood, with short-term residency defined as less than three years and long-term as three years or more.What is the probability of selecting at random from this group a. A short-term resident? b. A resident who does not suppo
Answer Preview: Thorough answer and explanation. a. The probability o…

, Chapter: 2 -Problem: 8 >> The direction of skewness is determined by the relative position of the a. Peak of the distribution. b. Midpoint of the distribution. c. Tail of the distribution. d. Class limits of the distribution.
Answer Preview: C . Tail of the distribution . The ske wn ess of a distribution is determined by the relative …

, Chapter: 4 -Problem: 2 >> In Chapter 3, you were asked to find the mode, median, and mean for hours of television per day watched by Americans. Now, find the range, standard deviation, and variance for hours per day of television watched (TVHOURS).
Answer Preview: Thorough answer and explanation. The range of hours per day of television watched (TVHOURS) is the d…

, Chapter: 4 -Problem: 9 >> Two students in a math class compared their scores on a series of five quizzes: Considering the concepts of both central tendency and variability, find (a) which student tended to perform better on the quizzes and (b) which student tended to perform more consistently on the quizzes. Transcribed Image Text:
Answer Preview: To determine which student tended to perform better on the quizzes, we can compare the mean quiz sco…

, Chapter: 4 -Problem: 6 >> How many standard deviations tend to cover the entire range of scores in a distribution? a. 2 b. 4 c. 6 d. 8
Answer Preview: Answer : c . 6 The range of scores in a distribu…

, Chapter: 2 -Problem: 13 >> As part of a public health survey, a random sample of college students were asked about their weekly drinking habits. The following results were obtained:a. Are there independent and dependent variables in this case? If so, what are they? If not, why not? b. What percent of the sample reports not drinking? c. What percent of men report drinking, but having fewer than three drinks per week? d. What
Answer Preview: Thorough answer and explanation. a. There are independent and dependent variables in this case. The …

, Chapter: 4 -Problem: 7 >> The mean of the squared deviations from the mean is known as the a. Variance. b. Median. c. Normal range. d. Inter-quartile range.
Answer Preview: The correct answer is a. Variance. The mean of the squared deviations from the mean is known as the …

, Chapter: 4 -Problem: 30 >> For the following grouped frequency distribution of occupational prestige scores for a group 50 workers, calculate the mean and standard deviation. Transcribed Image Text: Class interval 70-84 55-69 40-54 25-39 10-24 f 3 9 14 16 8 N = 50
Answer Preview: Thorough answer and explanation. The mean of the grouped frequency distribution of occupational pres…

, Chapter: 4 -Problem: 23 >> Find the standard deviation for the following frequency distribution of the hours of television watched on one Saturday night by a sample of 18 junior high boys: Transcribed Image Text: X 5 4 3 2 1 f 35 16228 N = 18
Answer Preview: To find the standard deviation for this frequency distribution, we'll first need to calculate the …

, Chapter: 3 -Problem: 22 >> A researcher asked a group of patients with mental illnesses to describe their current levels of stress on a scale of 0 to 10 with 10 being the most stressed. The patients provided the following answers: Transcribed Image Text: 3 6 4 4 7 9 1 2 3 4 2 4 6
Answer Preview: Solution: The description above entails that the patient is feeling very stressed. In su…

, Chapter: 2 -Problem: 4 >> From the General Social Survey, generate a bar graph for the number of nights per month that Americans visit with friends (SOCFRND). Be sure to provide a title, source, and show percentages on the bar graph.
Answer Preview: Answer: Title: Average Number of Nights Per …

, Chapter: 5 -Problem: 3 >> A criminal investigator is working to bring two separate and distinct serial killers to justice— one who preys on prostitutes and another who targets college students. From previous experience, the investigator is led to believe that he has a .50 chance of apprehending the prostitute slayer and a .65 chance of apprehending the student slayer. To calculate the probability that he will capture both
Answer Preview: C . Mult ip ly The probability of multiple events occurring is calculated by …

, Chapter: 5 -Problem: 2 >> Using the frequencies procedure (ANALYZE, DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS, FREQUENCIES), request a histogram of television viewing data from the General Social Survey (TV HOURS) with the normal curve overlay (from the Charts button), as well as the mean and standard deviation (from the Statistics button). a. Comment on the closeness of the actual distribution to the normal curve. b. Based on the normal dis
Answer Preview: a . The actual distribution of television viewing data is generally close to the normal c…

, Chapter: 4 -Problem: 1 >> A measure of how scores scatter around the center of a distribution is a. Variance. b. Standard deviation. c. Range. d. All of the above
Answer Preview: The correct answer is D. All of the above The correct answer is D - all of the above. This is becaus…

, Chapter: 2 -Problem: 6 >> The peakedness of a distribution of scores is also known as a. Kurtosis. b. Skewness. c. Midpoint. d. Mean.
Answer Preview: Answer : A . Kurt osis . K urt osis is a statistical me…

, Chapter: 2 -Problem: 31 >> The distribution of Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT) scores for 38 high school seniors who graduated in the top third of their class is as follows:a. For each class interval, find the size, midpoint, upper and lower limits, the cumulative frequency, the percentage, and the cumulative percentage. b. To depict the distribution of SAT scores for the 38 students, draw a histogram and a frequency polyg
Answer Preview: a. Here is the table showing the information for each class inter…

, Chapter: 2 -Problem: 15 >> A researcher collects information from a random sample of consumers of different social classes about whether they had purchased a new car within the past year.a. Are there independent and dependent variables in this case? If so, what are they? If not, why not? b. What percent of the sample reported purchasing a new car within the last year? c. What percent of upper-class respondents reported purc
Answer Preview: a . Yes , there are independent and dependent variables in this case . The inde…

, Chapter: 4 -Problem: 3 >> The greater the variability around the mean of a distribution, the larger the a. Range. b. Inter-quartile range. c. Variance. d. All of the above
Answer Preview: D . All of the above Range , inter - quart ile …

, Chapter: 5 -Problem: 35 >> In an impoverished urban area, individual income is normally distributed with a mean of $21,000 and a standard deviation of $2,000. What percentage of incomes fall a. Between $19,000 and $21,000? b. Between $19,000 and $23,000? c. Between $17,000 and $25,000? d. Above $23,000? e. Below $17,000? f. Between $15,000 and $27,000?
Answer Preview: Solution: a. $19,000 - $21,000 = $2,000 x (60)% = 60 b. $19,00…

, Chapter: 2 -Problem: 14 >> A researcher collects information from emergency room staff members about whether they have ever been assaulted by a patient or a patient’s family member while at work.a. Are there independent and dependent variables in this case? If so, what are they? If not, why not? b. What percent of the sample reports being assaulted? c. What percent of nurses report being assaulted? d. What percent of physic
Answer Preview: Solution: a. Yes, there are independent and dependent variables in this case. The ind…

, Chapter: 5 -Problem: 9 >> Which of the following is not true of a normal curve? a. It is skewed. b. It is a probability distribution. c. Its total area contains 100% of the cases. d. The mode, median, and mean are identical.
Answer Preview: The correct answer is A. It is skewed. A normal curve is a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that is de…

, Chapter: 4 -Problem: 18 >> A group of 12 students provided feedback to their professor on course evaluations about the quality of the course, as measured on a scale from 0 (poor) to 10 (excellent). The responses were as follows:Calculate the (a) range, (b) the variance, and (c) the standard deviation of this distribution. Transcribed Image Text:
Answer Preview: To calculate the range of this distribution, we need to find the difference between the highest and …

, Chapter: 4 -Problem: 3 >> From the General Social Survey, which measures of central tendency and variability are most appropriate for attitudes toward spanking to discipline children (SPANKING)?
Answer Preview: For attitudes toward sp anking to discipline children , the median and the range would be the most a…

, Chapter: 9 -Problem: 36 >> A university president is curious about the likelihood that undergraduates would study for a semester in another country. She speculates that, given prevailing social norms supportive of males’ risk-taking behavior, male students would be more likely than their female counterparts to want to study abroad. To find out, she surveyed men and women on campus, asking them to rate their interest on a sc
Answer Preview: Solution: The test is as follows: i) Assume the null hypothesis is true. Then we find the criti…

, Chapter: 10 -Problem: 28 >> Using the correlation coefficient results from Problem 27, determine the statistical significance of the relationship. Can the null hypothesis be rejected? In other words, does this relationship hold true for the population? Data From Problem 27A sociologist researching the link between race and inequality believes that younger people generally have more tolerant views. To test this hypothesis, th
Answer Preview: Solution: The null hypothesis entails that there is not a si…

, Chapter: 6 -Problem: 1 >> In a basic random sample, a. Only some members of a population are eligible for inclusion. b. Half of all members of a population are eligible for inclusion. c. Every member of the population has an equal chance of inclusion. d. Some members have a greater chance of inclusion than others.
Answer Preview: Solution: The correct choice from above is option (c). Option (…

, Chapter: 12 -Problem: 5 >> Are males more likely than females to have ever injected drugs? Find phi for testing the null hypothesis that there is no relationship between ever injecting drugs (EVIDU) and sex (SEX).
Answer Preview: No , males are not more likely than females to have ever in…

, Chapter: 9 -Problem: 7 >> Use the General Social Survey to calculate a chi-square statistic to test the following hypothesis: having a gun in the home (OWNGUN) will differ by whether you or your spouse hunts (HUNT).
Answer Preview: Solution: A chi-square statistic = ( ij i )2/ ij, where i = 1, , …

, Chapter: 6 -Problem: 13 >> A criminologist collects information on the number of drug arrests among a group of individuals who are currently incarcerated. Estimate the standard error of the mean from their responses. Transcribed Image Text: 203 1 00 2 2 3 2 31 3 0 2 0 1 4 7 2 1 2 2 0 0 2 4 1 1 2 0 1 3 4 6
Answer Preview: To estimate the standard error of the mean, you can use the following formula: SE = standard deviati…

, Chapter: 9 -Problem: 4 >> Analyze the General Social Survey to calculate a chi-square statistic to test the following hypothesis: votes for President in 2008 (Obama or McCain) will differ by sex (SEX).
Answer Preview: Solution: A chi-square statistic = 18 114 And the TYPE = '0' OR A chi-square statis…

, Chapter: 4 -Problem: 17 >> A researcher interested in the use of public parks asked residents of a neighborhood how often per month they typically visit a park in proximity to their homes. The residents provided the following answers in terms of visits per month:Calculate the (a) range, (b) the variance, and (c) the standard deviation of this distribution.
Answer Preview: a ) Range : 16 b ) Vari ance : 28 . 1111 c ) Standard Dev iation : 5 . …

, Chapter: 2 -Problem: 4 >> By definition, class intervals contain more than one a. Score value. b. Score. c. Respondent. d. Category.
Answer Preview: a . Score value . Class intervals are used to group together …

, Chapter: 8 -Problem: 19 >> A researcher wishes to determine whether exercising at least three times a week is more effective than pharmaceuticals (antidepressants) or psychotherapy in addressing mental health issues. He randomly assigns 20 psychiatric patients to one of four treatment conditions and asks their self-reported depression at the moment on a scale of 1 (very depressed) to 15 (very happy). Test the null hypothesi
Answer Preview: Solution: The null hypothesis test is as follows: i) H0: "exercise" "antidepressant…

, Chapter: 2 -Problem: 2 >> Use the General Social Survey data to find the valid percentage of Americans who said that they were very satisfied with their job or housework (SATJOB). Next, find the cumulative percentage of people who say that their family income in 2010 was below $50,000 (INCOME06). Why do you think that family income for a survey in 2010 was reported in 2006 dollars? Choose another variable and comment on so
Answer Preview: To find the valid percentage of Americans who said that they were very satisfied with their job or housework, you would need to use the General Social …

, Chapter: 5 -Problem: 8 >> With any set of scores that is normally distributed, what percentage of the total area falls a. Between the mean and a score that lies one standard deviation below the mean? b. Between a score that lies one standard deviation below the mean and one standard deviation above the mean? c. Between the mean and a score that lies two standard deviations below the mean? d. Between a score that lies three
Answer Preview: With any set of scores that is normally distributed, the following percentages of the total area fal…

, Chapter: 1 -Problem: 9 >> A political scientist asks a series of questions to gauge how politically active individuals are. For each of the following items, indicate the level of measurement—nominal, ordinal, or interval: a. Did you vote in the last election? Yes or No? b. With which political party do you identify? Democrat, Republican, or Independent? c. How often do you vote in elections? Never, Rarely, Sometimes, or Al
Answer Preview: Thorough answer and explanation. a. Nominal - This question is asking for a yes/no a…

, Chapter: 3 -Problem: 34 >> The following frequency distribution contains the educational levels attained by the 39 office personnel of a small company:Given the level at which educational level was measured (nominal, ordinal, or interval/ratio), calculate the measures of central tendency appropriate for describing the distribution given. Transcribed
Answer Preview: Solution: The measures of central tendency appropriate for describi…

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, Chapter: 7 -Problem: 17 >> A researcher is interested in understanding whether the mean time to complete a four-year college degree varies based on gender. She draws a sample of 12 college graduates—6 men and 6 women, and asks them how many years they took to finish their degree. Assuming that the data are drawn from a normal distribution, test the null hypothesis of no difference in mean years to degree competition between
Answer Preview: To test the null hypothesis of no difference in mean years to degree competition between men and women, we can use a two-sample t-test. This test allo…

, Chapter: 5 -Problem: 25 >> Suppose that 2% of convicted felons are in fact innocent. a. If a person is convicted of a felony, what is the probability that he is guilty? b. If two people are convicted of felonies, what is the probability that both are guilty? c. If three people are convicted of felonies, what is the probability that all three are guilty? d. If four people are convicted of felonies, what is the probability th
Answer Preview: Solution: a. 2% of convicted felons are innocent. So, 98% are guilty. …

, Chapter: 4 -Problem: 8 >> A simple graph used for visualizing distributions that describes the mean, the median, and the range of a distribution is known as a a. Line graph. b. Box plot. c. Pie graph. d. Histogram.
Answer Preview: The correct answer is b. Box plot. A box plot, also known as a box-and-whisker plot, is a simple graph used to visualize the distribution of a set of …

, Chapter: 4 -Problem: 25 >> Find the variance and the standard deviation for the following frequency distribution of ages of 35 juvenile offenders tried and sentenced in adult criminal courts: Transcribed Image Text: X 17 165HSLID 2754312 14 13 12 11 f 10 1 N = 35
Answer Preview: Me an = ( 17 + 12 + 16 + 15 + 4 + 14 + 3 + 13 + 12 + 1 + 11 + 2 + 10 + 1 ) / 35 = 9 . 5 …

, Chapter: 6 -Problem: 3 >> Using the General Social Survey, calculate a 95% confidence interval for the percentage of Americans in favor of paying higher taxes to help the environment (GRNTAXES).
Answer Preview: Solution: -From a 95% confidence interval, the percentage of Americans in favor of paying h…

, Chapter: 6 -Problem: 2 >> Using the General Social Survey, calculate a 95% confidence interval for the population mean for the number of children (CHILDS) of Americans.
Answer Preview: To calculate the 95 % confidence interval , we need to first calculate the sa…

, Chapter: 8 -Problem: 17 >> A researcher conducts a study to determine which terrorist organization—Hamas, Hezbollah, or Al Qaeda—poses the greatest threat to innocent civilians. The researcher examines 15 randomly selected bombing attacks committed by these organizations and calculates the number of casualties per attack. Using the following casualty data, test the null hypothesis that none of these terrorist groups is more
Answer Preview: Thorough answer and explanation. Null Hypothesis: H0: None of these terrorist groups is more threatening than the rest. Alternative Hypothesis: H1: At …

, Chapter: 9 -Problem: 6 >> Analyze the General Social Survey to calculate a chi-square statistic to test the following hypothesis: opinions about the aged living with their children (AGED) will differ by sex (SEX). Recode age (AGE) into a new variable (AGEGRP1) with two groups (18 to 64 versus 65 to 89 years) and then test the following hypothesis: opinions about the aged living with their children (AGED) will differ by age
Answer Preview: Hyp ot hesis : H 0 : There is no association between opinions about the aged living with their child…

, Chapter: 8 -Problem: 41 >> A clinical researcher wants to determine if antidepressants should be used in conjunction with therapy to address post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among returning veterans. She designs an experiment with 16 volunteers who had been discharged from the military and diagnosed as suffering from PTSD. After a period of 1 year either in therapy or not and either on antidepressants or not, the resea
Answer Preview: Null Hyp ot hesis : Therapy and antidepressants have no effect , either alon…

, Chapter: 10 -Problem: 4 >> Using the General Social Survey, calculate Pearson’s r to test the following null hypotheses:a. Create the correlation matrix. b. Report the strength and direction of the Pearson’s r correlation coefficients for each pair of variables. Transcribed Image Text: Null hypothesis 1: Null hypothesis 2: Re
Answer Preview: To test the null hypotheses and calculate Pearson's r, you will need to perform the following steps…

, Chapter: 5 -Problem: 17 >> Research has shown that nearly 25% of homeless adults are veterans. What is the probability of selecting a. A particular homeless person who is not a veteran? b. Two random homeless people who are both veterans?
Answer Preview: a . 75 % b . 6 . 25 % The probability of selecting a particular homeless person who is …

, Chapter: 9 -Problem: 39 >> The same social researcher as in Problem 38 then focuses on differences in livability by region. Selecting eight cities from each region of the country at random, he obtains the following rankings based on the magazine’s assessments.Applying the Kruskal-Wallis test, determine whether there is a significant difference among the regions with respect to livability. Note that the magazine’s rankings s
Answer Preview: The Kruskal-Wallis test is a nonparametric test used to determine whether there is a statistically significant difference among the regions with respe…

, Chapter: 9 -Problem: 37 >> A committee of students wanted to know whether student activity fees were being charged fairly. To determine whether commuting and resident students differed in their use of campus activities, the following sample data were collected pertaining to the number of campus activities/clubs each student joined:Applying the Mann-Whitney U test, test the null hypothesis of no difference between commuters
Answer Preview: Thorough answer and explanation. Null Hypothesis: H0: There is no difference between commuters and c…

, Chapter: 12 -Problem: 1 >> Using SPSS, analyze the General Social Survey to find out if respondents’ attitudes toward assistance with healthcare costs for the sick (HELPSICK) are related to their attitudes about the assistance with healthcare costs for the poor (HELPPOOR). Test the null hypothesis using Spearman’s rank-order correlation coefficient.
Answer Preview: Null Hyp ot hesis : There is no relationship between respondents ' attitudes toward assistance with …

, Chapter: 9 -Problem: 38 >> A major national magazine has ranked 200 American cities in terms of their livability. A social researcher selects 10 large cities and 10 small cities at random, and wishes to test whether there is a difference in livability based on city size. The magazine’s rankings (among the full list) of the cities that were selected are given in the following table.Applying the Mann-Whitney U test, determine
Answer Preview: Thorough answer and explanation. To determine whether there is a significant difference between larg…

, Chapter: 10 -Problem: 27 >> A sociologist researching the link between race and inequality believes that younger people generally have more tolerant views. To test this hypothesis, the sociologist gathers a random sample of 10 Caucasians ranging in age from teenager to elderly and asks them for their beliefs about African-Americans on a 10-point scale (1 representing acceptance of negative beliefs, 10 representing acceptance
Answer Preview: Thorough answer and explanation. To calculate the Pearson's correlation c…

, Chapter: 6 -Problem: 15 >> As part of a study of social capital, a sociologist collects data on the years of education attained by a group of community members. Estimate the standard error of the mean from their responses. Transcribed Image Text: 10 12 12 16 18 16 16 16 14 12 13 13 15 14 16 12 12 12 16 12 11 9 22 18 16 18 12
Answer Preview: To estimate the standard error of the mean for this sample of education levels, you will need to fir…

, Chapter: 12 -Problem: 3 >> The phi and contingency coefficients are extensions of which test? a. Pearson’s r b. Spearman’s rank order c. Chi-square d. Gamma
Answer Preview: c . Chi - square The ph i and contingency coefficients are mea…

, Chapter: 11 -Problem: 15 >> For the variables in Problem 30 in Chapter 10, find the multiple coefficient of determination (with Y the dependent variable). Data From Problem 30 Chapter 10Besides studying time, intelligence itself may be related to test performance. Suppose then that IQ (Z) is added to the two variables in Problem 21. Data From Problem 21In preparing for an examination, some students in a class studied more th
Answer Preview: Thorough answer and explanation. The multiple coefficient of determination (R2) is a measure of how …

, Chapter: 10 -Problem: 5 >> Choose two variables from the General Social Survey so that you may generate and interpret a Pearson’s r correlation to test the null hypothesis of no correlation between the variables.
Answer Preview: Education level and income level: Null hypothesis: There is no correlation between education level a…

, Chapter: 7 -Problem: 4 >> The level of probability at which the null hypothesis can be rejected with confidence is known as the a. Level of significance. b. Distribution. c. Degrees of freedom. d. All of the above
Answer Preview: a . Level of significance . The level of significance is the probab…

, Chapter: 12 -Problem: 4 >> The General Social Survey includes a variety of questions on activities that Americans may do at night. Apply Gamma to test the null hypothesis that there is no relationship between each of the different nighttime activities (SOCBAR, SOCOMMUN, SOCFREND, SOCREL).
Answer Preview: To test the null hypothesis that there is no relationship between each of the different nighttime ac…

, Chapter: 7 -Problem: 33 >> A social psychologist is interested in understanding how the use of anti-depressants affects an individual’s social life. He creates a scale where a score of 10 equals “highly social” and 1 indicates “highly unsocial.” The psychologist then asks his subjects several questions before beginning anti-depressants and again after they have been taking them for three months. The following table summariz
Answer Preview: Solution: The null hypothesis test entails testing the alternative that th…

, Chapter: 9 -Problem: 13 >> Conference organizers wanted to make sure that there was about the same number of attendees at each event sponsored by a particular business school. Conduct a one-way chisquare analysis on the following sample to test the null hypothesis that the events were equally attractive to conference attendees. Transcribed Image Tex
Answer Preview: To conduct a one-way chi-square analysis, we first need to calculate the expected frequency of atten…

, Chapter: 4 -Problem: 26 >> Find the variance and standard deviation for the following frequency distribution of attitudes toward Internet censorship held by 40 high school teachers (seven-point scale; higher score indicates more favorable attitude toward Internet censorship): Transcribed Image Text: || 1 ?? Blaua 1986 + X f
Answer Preview: Me an = 4 . 375 Vari ance = 1 . 9 14 Standard Dev iat…

, Chapter: 10 -Problem: 6 >> Interpret the following correlation statistics with respect to strength and direction: a. r = 0.951 b. r = -0.232 c. r = 0.096 d. r = -0.738 e. r = 0.415
Answer Preview: Solution: a. Strength is strong in the positive direction. b. Strength is strong in t…

, Chapter: 6 -Problem: 8 >> Suppose that the population standard deviation (?) for a normally distributed standardized test of achievement is known to be 7.20. What would the standard error of the sample mean (?X?) be if we were to draw a random sample of 16 test scores?
Answer Preview: Solution: N = 16, so X = (16 s)/(/n) Since n = 16, the required formula is: = (16(7 20))/(…

, Chapter: 10 -Problem: 9 >> In the following graph, what type of correlation is depicted?a. Positive, strong b. Positive, moderate c. Negative, strong d. Negative, weak Transcribed Image Text: Text messages sent ce 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 5 10 15 Boredom at work 20 25 30
Answer Preview: b. Positive, moderate. Positive moderate correlation refers to a relationship between two variables …

, Chapter: 7 -Problem: 3 >> Is there a gender difference in highest year of school completed? Using the General Social Survey find out whether highest year of education completed (EDUC) differs by sex (SEX).
Answer Preview: Yes , there is a gender difference in highest year of school completed . According t…

, Chapter: 11 -Problem: 24 >> Researchers at an insurance company want to study the risk factors associated with heart disease, so they collect data from 240 people. As their dependent variable, they use a question that asks respondents if they have been hospitalized for heart problems (0 = no, 1 = yes). They also collect information on the respondents’ sex (0 = female, 1 = male), weight (in pounds), tobacco use (packs of ciga
Answer Preview: Solution: a. It is because of the effect that smoking has on heart …

, Chapter: 7 -Problem: 12 >> A two-tailed significance test suggests that a. The resulting outcome has a particular direction (that is, a clinical treatment produces a decrease in symptoms). b. The resulting outcome is unlikely. c. The resulting outcome is likely. d. The resulting outcome may be in either direction (that is, a clinical treatment produces either an increase or decrease in symptoms).
Answer Preview: Solution: a. The p-value is significant (0 05), which suggests that the effect of our med…

, Chapter: 9 -Problem: 8 >> Using the General Social Survey, calculate a chi-square statistic to test the null hypothesis that attitudes toward abortion for any reason (ABANY) do not vary by age (AGE). a. How large will the cross-tab be? (r x c = #cells) ____ x ____ = ____ (Remember that age goes from 18 through 89.) b. What percentage of cells have small expected frequencies? ______ c. Is this acceptable? Yes/No? Explain. d
Answer Preview: a. The cross-tab will be 5 x 3 = 15 cells. The number of rows is determined by the number of ca…

, Chapter: 5 -Problem: 16 >> Suppose that 16% of inmates in state prisons have psychiatric illnesses. What is the probability that a. A particular prisoner does not suffer from a psychiatric illness? b. That three prisoners do not suffer from a psychiatric illness?
Answer Preview: a . The probability that a particular prisoner does not suffer from …

, Chapter: 11 -Problem: 17 >> A researcher wishes to predict the graduation rates in a sample of 240 colleges and universities based on the percentage of freshmen who were in the top tier (10%) of their high school class and the percentage of classes that have fewer than 20 students. The correlation matrix of graduation rate (GRADRATE), percentage of freshmen in the top tier of their high school graduating class (TOPFRESH), an
Answer Preview: Solution: a. Top Freshmen = 3,300 00% b. TOP…

, Chapter: 6 -Problem: 7 >> Alpha represents the area a. In the tails of a distribution. b. Toward the center of the distribution. c. Higher than the mean of the distribution. d. Lower than the mean of the distribution.
Answer Preview: a . In the tails of a distribution . Alpha repre…

, Chapter: 7 -Problem: 8 >> Analyze the General Social Survey to find out if there is a statistically significant difference in self-reports in the number of hours worked last week comparing males to females (HRS1 and SEX).
Answer Preview: To analyze the data in the General Social Survey to determine if there is a statistically significan…

, Chapter: 10 -Problem: 35 >> Using the correlation coefficient results from Problem 34, calculate the statistical significance of the one correlation between X and Y and then between X and Y holding constant Z. How does controlling for Z change the significance of the correlation between X and Y? Data From Problem 34With regard to the earlier problems, many sociologists and developmental psychologists have noted that it might
Answer Preview: The correlation coefficient between X and …

, Chapter: 5 -Problem: 12 >> The equation P = .33 for obtaining an income between $40,000 and $50,000 represents a. A percentage. b. A probability expressed as a proportion. c. A frequency of occurrence. d. A z score.
Answer Preview: Solution: a. No, because the sales representative is not …

, Chapter: 12 -Problem: 15 >> A television network producer is concerned that sensitivity to victimization from sexual violence may negatively impact show ratings, so he ranks his network’s shows based on their number of viewers, and then creates a scale ranking his shows in order of how victimsensitive they are. Test the null hypothesis that sensitivity to sexual violence is unrelated to a show’s ranking.
Answer Preview: To test the null hypothesis that sensitivity to sexual violence is unrelated to a show's ranking, we can use a statistical test such as Pearson's co…

, Chapter: 1 -Problem: 7 >> A social researcher ranks industries based on how much they contribute to a country’s gross domestic product. What level of measurement is this considered? a. Nominal b. Ordinal c. Interval
Answer Preview: d . Ratio This type of measurement is consider…

, Chapter: 11 -Problem: 19 >> Suppose that an emergency room doctor is interested in the relationship among gender, age, and sensitivity to pain among adult patients. She collects from a sample of 57 hospital files information on patients’ self-reported pain scores, ranging from 0 for no discomfort to 10 for the worst pain imaginable, along with the patients’ ages in years and gender (1 for male and 0 for female). The results
Answer Preview: a. The constant (Y-intercept) is 1 321. This is the estimated mean pain score when …

, Chapter: 1 -Problem: 5 >> Someone who ranks a list of cities from slowest to fastest pace of life is operating at the ___________ level of measurement. a. Nominal b. Ordinal c. Interval
Answer Preview: b . Ord inal An ord inal level of measurement involv…

, Chapter: 10 -Problem: 1 >> Analyze the General Social Survey to generate a single correlation matrix which will allow you to test the following null hypotheses:Create a correlation matrix of the three variables. Report the strength and direction of the Pearson’s r correlation coefficients. Transcribed Image Text: Null hypothe
Answer Preview: To create a correlation matrix for the three variables of interest, we can use statistical software …

, Chapter: 3 -Problem: 28 >> The scores of attitudes toward older people for 30 students were arranged in the following simple frequency distribution (higher scores indicate more favorable attitudes toward older people):Find (a) the mode, (b) the median, and (c) the mean. Transcribed Image Text: Attitude Score Value 7 6 5 4 3 2
Answer Preview: To find (a) the mode, we need to look for the score value that occurs most frequently in the …

, Chapter: 10 -Problem: 34 >> With regard to the earlier problems, many sociologists and developmental psychologists have noted that it might not be listening to Mozart per se that increases a child’s neural development. Instead, they argue, increased intelligence may be attributable to having the type of parents who would intentionally play music to their infant because it reputedly stimulates child development. This leads to
Answer Preview: The partial correlation between hours of Moz art ( X ) and I…

, Chapter: 6 -Problem: 34 >> An environmental researcher finds that 26% of 225 city blocks randomly chosen within a particular city have a particular kind of environmental hazard. a. Find the standard error of the proportion. b. Find the 95% confidence interval for the proportion of all city blocks that are hazardous. c. Find the 99% confidence interval for the proportion of all city blocks that are hazardous.
Answer Preview: Solution: a. Alpha = 0 05, degrees of freedom (DF) = 225 1 = 224. Standard error of the proportion = …

, Chapter: 9 -Problem: 2 >> Analyze the General Social Survey to calculate a chi-square statistic to test the following hypothesis: fear to walk at night in your own neighborhood (FEAR) will differ by sex (SEX).
Answer Preview: To calculate the chi-square statistic, we would need to first gather data from the General Social Su…

, Chapter: 12 -Problem: 1 >> When the requirements of Pearson’s r cannot be met, we might still be able to employ a. A t ratio. b. A parametric measure of correlation. c. A nonparametric measure of correlation. d. None of the above
Answer Preview: C . A non param etric measure of correlation . Non param …

, Chapter: 7 -Problem: 2 >> Using the General Social Survey, determine whether there is a difference in the number of hours spent on e-mails (EMAILHR), comparing people under age 65 to people over age 65 (AGE). Hint: ANALYZE, COMPARE MEANS, INDEPENDENT SAMPLES T TEST, and set AGE as the grouping variable with 65 used as the “cut-point.” Which t test is used? Why? What is the result of the comparison?
Answer Preview: Solution: The t test used is called ANOVA. The ANOVA i…

, Chapter: 12 -Problem: 7 >> Goodman’s and Kruskal’s gamma is used when a. Samples sizes are small, and we have collected interval data. b. Sample sizes are small, and we have collected ordinal data. c. There are a large number of tied ranks in ordinal data. d. There are a large number of tied ranks, and we have collected nominal data.
Answer Preview: Answer : c . There are a large number of tied ranks in …

, Chapter: 11 -Problem: 4 >> A measure of the proportion of the variance in Y explained by X is known as a. The coefficient of nondetermination. b. The coefficient of determination. c. Multiple regression. d. The slope.
Answer Preview: b . The coefficient of determination . The coefficient of deter…

, Chapter: 9 -Problem: 41 >> The Dean of the Business School at the same university as in the problem above then decides to examine how graduates from different majors within his school fare in the job market.Because the sample sizes are small and the data skewed, it may be best not to use a F ratio, which assumes normality in the sampling distribution. As an alternative, apply the Kruskal-Wallis test to determine whether a s
Answer Preview: Yes , the Kr usk al Wall is test is an appropriate way to determine whe…

, Chapter: 8 -Problem: 4 >> If a calculated F ratio is larger than the value in Table D, it means there is a. A significant difference between groups and the null hypothesis can be rejected. b. A significant difference between groups and the null hypothesis can be retained. c. Not a significant difference between groups and the null hypothesis can be rejected. d. Not a significant difference between groups and the null hypot
Answer Preview: A . A significant difference between groups and the null hypothesis …

, Chapter: 12 -Problem: 6 >> Use the General Social Survey to find Cramér’s V to test the null hypothesis that opinions about whether marijuana should be made legal (GRASS) do not differ by marital status (MARITAL).
Answer Preview: C ram r s V can be used to test the null hypothesis that opinions about whether marijuana sh…

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, Chapter: 6 -Problem: 5 >> A frequency distribution of a random sample of means is a a. Random sample. b. Confidence interval. c. Sampling distribution of means. d. Standard error of the mean.
Answer Preview: c . Sam pling distribution of means . A frequency distribut…

, Chapter: 8 -Problem: 1 >> From the General Social Survey, test whether the number of hours per day that people have to relax (HRSRELAX) varies by marital status (MARITAL). Hint: select ANALYZE, COMPARE MEANS, ONE-WAY ANOVA. Note also that the Tukey test is selected in the Post Hoc button and that means and standard deviations are selected in the Options button.
Answer Preview: To test whether the number of hours per day that people have to relax (HRSRELAX) varies by marital s…

, Chapter: 10 -Problem: 25 >> An education specialist is interested in how the number of words learned within the first two years of a child’s life affects the trajectory of academic performance later in high school. To test his idea, calculate Pearson’s correlation coefficient for the relationship between “words known at age 2” and “high school grade point average (GPA)” for a sample of six teenagers. What is the strength and
Answer Preview: Solution: The strength is called Pearson's coefficient = 0 76. The directi…

, Chapter: 6 -Problem: 12 >> Estimate the standard error of the mean for the following scores generated from a random sample: Transcribed Image Text: 6 8 4 3 8 10 17 4 6
Answer Preview: First, we need to find the mean of the scores. To do this, we add all of th…

, Chapter: 11 -Problem: 5 >> Using two or more predictors, we conduct a a. Simple regression. b. Multiple regression. c. Partial correlation. d. Pearson’s correlation.
Answer Preview: b . Multiple regression . Multiple regression is a type of …

, Chapter: 9 -Problem: 5 >> Use the General Social Survey to calculate a chi-square statistic to test the following hypothesis: votes for President in 2008 and 2004 (PRES08 and PRES04) will be independent of the party affiliation of the candidates (Democrats: Obama and Kerry; Republicans: McCain and Bush).
Answer Preview: Solution: A chi-square = For comparison with the results from other years. The c2 is an approxim…

, Chapter: 12 -Problem: 6 >> To test the statistical significance of a Spearman’s correlation (rs) with a sample size larger than 30, we calculate a a. z statistic. b. t statistic. c. x2 statistic. d. F statistic.
Answer Preview: Answer : a . z statistic . The z statistic is used to test the statistical significance of a Spear …

, Chapter: 8 -Problem: 13 >> Conduct a multiple comparison of means by Tukey’s method to determine exactly where the significant differences occur in Problem 12. Data From Problem 12A pediatrician speculated that frequency of visits to her office may be influenced by type  of medical insurance coverage. As an exploratory study, she randomly chose 15 patients: 5  whose parents belong to a health maintenance organization (HMO),
Answer Preview: Thorough answer and explanation. To conduct a multiple comparison of means by Tukey's method, we first need to calculate the mean, standard deviation, and sample size for each group. For the HMO group, the mean is 34 8, the standard deviation …

, Chapter: 9 -Problem: 14 >> A policy maker in a department of urban development is faced with budget cuts, and needs to select a public park to demolish. Faced with a hard decision, he determines the best way to choose is to determine which open space is used least often by families with children. He records the attendance of each park by families over a two-hour interval, making sure to record each at the same time on the s
Answer Preview: Solution: I can say that the null hypothesis is a little wrong. …

, Chapter: 8 -Problem: 11 >> Construct a multiple comparison of means by Tukey’s method to determine precisely where the significant differences occur in Problem 10. Data From Problem 10A researcher is interested in the effect type of residence has on the personal happiness of  college students. She selects samples of students who live in campus dorms, in off-campus  apartments, and at home and asks the 12 respondents to rate
Answer Preview: Solution: The null hypothesis test is as follows: i) Type of resi…

, Chapter: 12 -Problem: 23 >> A researcher is interested in how race affects the perception of racism in America, so he samples 120 individuals who are either black or white and asks them if they believe that racial discrimination is still a problem in the United States. Using the following data, construct a chi-square and determine the phi coefficient.
Answer Preview: To construct the chi-square for this data, we will first set up a table as follows: Black White Tota…

, Chapter: 8 -Problem: 2 >> Based on the General Social Survey, test whether the number of self-reports of poor mental health during the past 30 days (MNTLHLTH) varies by marital status (MARITAL) using one-way ANOVA with the Tukey test and selecting means and standard deviations as an option.
Answer Preview: To test whether the number of self-reports of poor mental health during the past 30 days varies by m…

, Chapter: 10 -Problem: 31 >> The following is a correlation matrix among family size (X), weekly grocery bill (Y), and income (Z) for a random sample of 50 families.a. Which of the correlations are significant at the .05 level? b. Calculate the partial correlation between family size and grocery bill, holding income constant, and then determine if this partial correlation is significant. Discuss the difference between the sim
Answer Preview: Solution: a. With 46 degrees of freedom and significance level .05, the critical values are: rXY (1-…

, Chapter: 7 -Problem: 24 >> A personnel consultant was hired to study the influence of sick-pay benefits on absenteeism. She randomly selected samples of hourly employees who do not get paid when out sick and salaried employees who receive sick pay. Using the following data on the number of days absent during a one-year period, test the null hypothesis that hourly and salaried employees do not differ with respect to absentee
Answer Preview: Solution: They indicate that the mean days ab…

, Chapter: 12 -Problem: 5 >> For Spearman’s correlation coefficient, if two (or more) positions are tied (assigned the same rank), you must adjust the data by a. Calculating the “difference” using the variance of the distribution divided by the sample size. b. Calculating an average rank by adding the tied ranks and dividing by the number of ties. c. Assigning the first position to appear in the list with the higher of the tw
Answer Preview: B . Calcul ating an average rank by adding the tied rank…

, Chapter: 8 -Problem: 7 >> A multiple comparison of means is necessary when the analysis of variance results in a. A significant difference between two means. b. A nonsignificant difference between two means. c. A significant difference among three or more means. d. A nonsignificant difference among three or more means.
Answer Preview: C . A significant difference among three or more means . A multiple comparison of means is necessar…

, Chapter: 11 -Problem: 22 >> The following table contains responses to a survey concerning support for same-sex marriage, comparing positions on the issue with political party affiliation of respondents:a. Calculate the odds of supporting same-sex marriage for each category of party affiliation. b. Calculate the odds ratio for each pair of categories of party affiliation.
Answer Preview: Based on the table, it appears that a majority of respondent…

, Chapter: 1 -Problem: 8 >> A sociologist collects information from high school teachers about their job satisfaction.For each of the following items, indicate the level of measurement—nominal, ordinal, or interval: a. What field of study do you teach? Math, Science, Social Studies, English, or Other? b. How many students do you have in a class? c. On a five-point scale (from strongly favorable to strongly unfavorable), how
Answer Preview: a. The field of study is nominal since it is only catego…

, Chapter: 9 -Problem: 9 >> The median test should be used to a. Determine the likelihood that a sample’s median is actually different from “0.” b. Determine the likelihood that two or more random samples have been taken from populations that have the same median. c. Determine the likelihood that the observed frequency counts in a nominal-level variable for one group are different from another nominal-level variable. d. Inve
Answer Preview: The correct choice from above is option c. The median …

, Chapter: 8 -Problem: 35 >> Conduct a multiple comparison of means by Tukey’s method to determine exactly where the significant differences occur in Problem 34. Data From Problem 34Is there a relationship between a mother’s education level and how long she breastfeeds  her child? A curious researcher selects samples of mothers from three different education  levels and determines their length of breastfeeding (measured in mo
Answer Preview: Thorough answer and explanation. To test the null hypothesis that education level has no effect on how long a mother breastfeeds her child, we can use …

, Chapter: 10 -Problem: 2 >> When respondents who score high on the SATs tend also to get high grades in college, whereas those who score low on the SATs do poorly in college, there is reason to posit a. A positive correlation between SATs and college grades. b. A negative correlation between SATs and college grades. c. A zero correlation between SATs and college grades. d. None of the above
Answer Preview: A . A positive correlation between SAT s and colleg…

, Chapter: 8 -Problem: 6 >> The F ratio is larger when a. The between-groups mean square is smaller. b. The within-groups mean square is smaller. c. The difference between means is smaller. d. None of the above
Answer Preview: D . None of the above The F ratio is …

, Chapter: 11 -Problem: 4 >> Conduct a regression analysis to determine what predicts the number of mental health days (MNTLHLTH) during the past 30 days. Add age (AGE), physical health days (PHYSHLTH), job satisfaction (SAT1), and income (REALRINC) into the regression analysis as independent variables. a. Apply the ANOVA test of regression. Is it significant? b. What are the regression slopes and intercept? c. Which variable
Answer Preview: Solution: a. ANOVA of Regression Results: F = 8 181, p = .0010 R-Sq = .325 b. Regression Slopes: R…

, Chapter: 8 -Problem: 32 >> Conduct a multiple comparison of means by Tukey’s method to determine exactly where the significant differences occur in Problem 31. Data Form Problem 31Political theorist Karl Marx is known for his theory that the working class, to put an end to capitalism  and establish a communist society, would eventually rise up and overthrow the upperclass  members of society who exploit them. One reason for
Answer Preview: Thorough answer and explanation. To test the null hypothesis that pride in work does not differ by class, we can use a multiple comparison of means te…

, Chapter: 10 -Problem: 26 >> Using the correlation coefficient results from Problem 25, calculate the statistical significance of the relationship. Can the null hypothesis be rejected? In other words, does this relationship hold true for the population? Data From From Problem 25An education specialist is interested in how the number of words learned within the first two years of a child’s life affects the trajectory of academ
Answer Preview: Thorough answer and explanation. To calculate the statistical significance of the relationship, we n…

, Chapter: 8 -Problem: 3 >> For an F ratio to be statistically significant, the between-groups mean square must be a. Greater than the total sum of squares. b. Greater than the within-groups mean square. c. Less than the within-groups mean square. d. Less than the within-groups sum of squares.
Answer Preview: B . Greater than the within - groups mean square . The F ratio is calculated by dividing the …

, Chapter: 6 -Problem: 9 >> Suppose that the random sample in problem 8 yielded these observed scores:a. Find the 95% confidence interval for the mean. b. Find the 99% confidence interval for the mean. Transcribed Image Text: 6 5 6 12 5 10 11 13 12 10 9 20 23 20 28 18
Answer Preview: a. Find the 95% confiden…

, Chapter: 10 -Problem: 7 >> The purpose of a partial correlation is to: a. Test for a significant relationship b. Control a relationship for a third variable c. Make curvilinear relationship into a linear one d. Calculate a correlation for part of a sample
Answer Preview: b. Control a relationship for a third variable The purpose of a partial correlation is to measure th…

, Chapter: 12 -Problem: 16 >> An expectant mother is looking for the best hospital possible in which to have her baby. She looks at a ranking of hospitals based on the total number of births delivered without complications. Being a discerning individual, she also wants to ensure that the hospital has the best postnatal care ward. Test the hypothesis that the births without complications rating and postnatal care rankings are c
Answer Preview: To test the hypothesis that the births without complications rating and postnatal care rankings are correlated, we can use Pearson's correlation coef…

, Chapter: 12 -Problem: 3 >> A researcher suspects that there may be a relationship between political views (POLVIEWS) and attitudes toward national support on issues related to foreign aid (NATAID), military, armaments and defense (NATARMS), and assistance for childcare (NATCHLD). Use the General Social Survey to find out whether she is right. Apply Gamma to test the null hypothesis that there is no relationship between poli
Answer Preview: To test the hypothesis using the General Social Survey , the resear…

, Chapter: 8 -Problem: 15 >> A researcher is interested in the effect of employment on satisfaction with marriage. He selects a random sample of 16 married adults who are employed full-time, employed parttime, temporarily unemployed, or chronically unemployed. He asks respondents to rate their satisfaction in marriage on a scale that ranges from 1 (very dissatisfied) to 7 (very satisfied). Using the following data, test the n
Answer Preview: Thorough answer and explanation. Null Hypothesis: H0: Employment status does not affect marriage satisfaction. Alternative Hypothesis: H1: Employment …

, Chapter: 6 -Problem: 5 >> Choose a variable from the General Social Survey to calculate a 95% confidence interval. Remember it has to be an interval level variable or a dichotomous (two category) variable
Answer Preview: Solution: A 95% confidence in…

, Chapter: 1 -Problem: 5 >> The method of research you will use when you personally analyze the General Social Survey is known as a. The experiment. b. The survey. c. Content analysis. d. Meta-analysis e. Secondary analysis.
Answer Preview: e . Secondary analysis . Second ary analysis is a r…

, Chapter: 11 -Problem: 18 >> Following is a portion of an analysis of variance table from a multiple regression predicting students’ quantitative SAT scores (QSAT) based on their high school grade average (HSAVG) and their gender (GENDER):a. Fill out the portions indicated with a question mark. b. What is the sample size (N)? c. What percent of the variance in QSAT is explained by the two predictors combined? d. Comment on th
Answer Preview: Solution: a. Partial F-ratio for the interaction term between high …

, Chapter: 11 -Problem: 1 >> From the G

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12 Reviews for Elementary Statistics In Social Research Textbook Questions And Answers