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Chapter: 8- Structure of Woody Plants -Problem: 10 >> Figure 8-3 is complex but easy to understand. Figure 8-3B shows a tree trunk, and this year is its fourth year of growth. A transverse section at the base of Figure 8-3B would show how many layers (growth rings) of wood (circle one: 1, 2, 3, 4)? Would a transverse section through the top of Figure 8-3B show any layer of wood this year? Would it show a layer of wood at the end of next year? Would t
Answer Preview: A transverse section at the base of Figure 8 3B would show 3 layers of wood The tree is 4 years old …

, Chapter: 27- Biomes -Problem: 12 >> Chaparral in California is a famous shrubland. What is a frequent disturbance in chaparral, one that is in the news every year? How are native chaparral plants adapted to this disturbance?
Answer Preview: A frequent and notable disturbance in California chaparral ecosystems is wildfires which often make headlines due to their impact on communities wildl…

, Chapter: 25- Populations and Ecosystems -Problem: 11 >> If we could eliminate all other organisms so that a certain region contained only the soil and the plant itself, would this be a stable habitat? Does the plant itself change its habitat? Explain.
Answer Preview: Creating a habitat with only soil and a single plant species would constitute a highly simplified and controlled ecosystem. However, whether this habitat would be stable depends on several factors, in…

, Chapter: 8- Structure of Woody Plants -Problem: 45 >> What is the name of the analysis of tree rings? How is that used to study past climates? How is it used to establish the date when ancient buildings and ships were constructed?
Answer Preview: The analysis of tree rings is known as dendrochronology Dendrochronology is a scientific method used …

, Chapter: 20- Nonvascular Plants: Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts -Problem: 3 >> Why would it be necessary for an evolutionary line to develop stomata and guard cells before it developed an extremely impervious cuticle? Why must vascular tissues precede the evolution of roots and active apical meristems?
Answer Preview: The development of certain features in an evolutionary line before others can be understood in the context of evolutionary advantages and the gradual …

, Chapter: 26- Community Ecology -Problem: 11 >> In predator–prey interactions, do predators typically consume so much prey that the prey species is lost from the community? Or can the two species co-exist for a long period? Describe this.
Answer Preview: Predator-prey interactions are complex and can vary widely depending on the specific species involved, the environment they inhabit, and other ecologi…

, Chapter: 8- Structure of Woody Plants -Problem: 36 >> Are geraniums herbs or woody plants? Do they ever form bark (Figure 8-23)?Figure 8-23 Transcribed Image Text: (A) Db Herita Epidermis Cortex -Cork Cork cambium Cork Cork cambium 100 (B) Epidermis Cork Cork cambium Cortex (C) Epidermis is tearing Accumulated cork
Answer Preview: Geranium genus Geranium also called cranesbill any of a group of about 300 species of perennial herb…

, Chapter: 21- Vascular Plants Without Seeds -Problem: 12 >> Name two genera of living lycophytes. What are their common names? About how big do they get? Are they leafy or do they have naked stems? In a plant identification book, they would probably be listed with ferns.
Answer Preview: Two genera of living lycophytes are Lycopodium and Selaginella Lycopodium Common Name Clubmosses Siz…

, Chapter: 24- Ethnobotany: Plants and People -Problem: 24 >> What is an artisan wood? Which properties are especially important? These woods are usually obtained from only certain parts of the logs of certain types of trees. Describe why this is so.
Answer Preview: Artisan wood refers to high-quality wood that is carefully selected and crafted for its aesthetic and functional properties. This type of wood is often used by skilled artisans, woodworkers, and craft…

, Chapter: 8- Structure of Woody Plants -Problem: 13 >> Are fusiform initials parenchyma cells, collenchyma cells, or sclerenchyma cells? Do they have chloroplasts, chromoplasts, or proplastids?
Answer Preview: Fusiform initials are not parenchyma cells collenchyma cells or sclerenchyma c…

, Chapter: 26- Community Ecology -Problem: 16 >> Fixed effort harvesting and fixed quota harvesting are two very different approaches to fishing, hunting, and timber harvest. Describe each and describe how each affects the population being harvested.
Answer Preview: Fixed effort harvesting and fixed quota harvesting are two distinct approaches to managing and regulating the harvesting of natural resources such as …

, Chapter: 23- Seed Plants II: Angiosperms -Problem: 8 >> Concepts about the nature of the early angiosperms have changed (and may change again in the future). In the last century, members of the subclass Hamamelidae were considered the most relictual of the living flowering plants. What kind of pollination do these plants have—insect pollination, wind pollination, or bird pollination? Give the common names of four members of this group. Although these p
Answer Preview: The plants in the subclass Hamamelidae primarily have insect pollination. They rely on various types …

, Chapter: 13- Soils and Mineral Nutrition -Problem: 32 >> What is nitrogen assimilation? What is the acceptor molecule? What does it react with? What is the product?
Answer Preview: Nitrogen assimilation is the process by which plants and microorganisms obtain and incorporate nitrogen into their cellular structures and molecules N…

, Chapter: 27- Biomes -Problem: 13 >> What is your image of a desert—dry and lifeless? Look at Figure 27-21 of a desert in Arizona. Do you think this area looks like this all year long?Figure 27-21 Transcribed Image Text: (A) (B)
Answer Preview: My image of a desert is a dry and barren place with little vegetation However deserts are not always …

, Chapter: 26- Community Ecology -Problem: 12 >> If the rate of some process is governed by the abundance of prey individuals, we say that it is prey-dependent. Give some examples of prey-dependent processes.
Answer Preview: Prey-dependent processes are those in which the rate or outcome of a particular process is directly influenced by the abundance or availability of pre…

, Chapter: 13- Soils and Mineral Nutrition -Problem: 16 >> Question 15 specified natural conditions. What about nonnative crop plants and ornamentals? Do they often encounter mineral deficiencies?Question 15Under natural conditions, is it rare or common to encounter plants whose growth is disrupted by a scarcity or an excess of mineral elements? Describe two habitats that often have excessive amounts of mineral elements.
Answer Preview: Mineral deficiencies in nonnative crop plants and ornamental plants can occur especially if the plants are grown in soils that lack essential nutrient…

, Chapter: 27- Biomes -Problem: 6 >> What is the precipitation pattern in your area—mostly in summer or winter? What is typically the longest time between rains—10 days, a month? Does this dry period occur in summer or winter?
Answer Preview: Precipitation patterns vary widely depending on the geographic location and climate of an are…

, Chapter: 25- Populations and Ecosystems -Problem: 12 >> When several individuals occur together, the possibility for interaction is created. If the interaction is basically beneficial for both organisms, it is called _________________, but if it is disadvantageous, it is ________________. Do the two organisms have to be the same species or different species, or does it matter?
Answer Preview: When several individuals occur together, the possibility for interaction is created. If the interact…

, Chapter: 12- Transport Processes -Problem: 21 >> In glands, the apoplast consists mostly of __________________________. In nonglandular regions, the apoplast is mostly ________________________.
Answer Preview: In glands the apoplast consists mostly of essential oils resins an…

, Chapter: 21- Vascular Plants Without Seeds -Problem: 4 >> In the vascular bundles of flowering plants, protoxylem is closest to the center of the stem, and metaxylem is farther out. Is this an endarch or an exarch arrangement? Seed plants always have just this one arrangement, but what about the early vascular plants. Were they endarch or exarch, or did both types occur originally?
Answer Preview: In flowering plants angiosperms the arrangement you described with protoxylem closer to the center o…

, Chapter: 24- Ethnobotany: Plants and People -Problem: 4 >> Domestication of plants began in at least four separate areas; name the areas and the plants.
Answer Preview: The domestication of plants began in several separate areas around the world. The four main areas an…

, Chapter: 8- Structure of Woody Plants -Problem: 6 >> Woody plants are almost always perennial plants, often living for many years. Describe some advantages of this with regard to a plant’s ability to occupy a favorable site. Describe some disadvantages with regard to how long a plant must survive pathogens and harsh conditions.
Answer Preview: Advantages of Perennial Woody Plants Longevity Woody plants being perennial can live for many years or even decades This longevity allows them to establish deep root systems which in turn helps them a…

, Chapter: 20- Nonvascular Plants: Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts -Problem: 7 >> If the leptoids of mosses were found to contain a protein whose gene had the same nucleotide sequence as the gene that codes for P-protein, would that be significant evidence for either the homology or analogy of leptoids and phloem?
Answer Preview: If the leptoids of mosses were found to contain a protein whose gene had the same nucleotide sequenc…

, Chapter: 24- Ethnobotany: Plants and People -Problem: 22 >> Describe old growth forests. Do they have a high or low diversity of trees when compared to tree plantations? Which types of trees do woodpeckers prefer?
Answer Preview: Old growth forests, also known as primary or virgin forests, are ecosystems that have developed over a long period of time without significant human i…

, Chapter: 9- Flowers and Reproduction -Problem: 1 >> Reproduction can serve two very different functions. What are they?
Answer Preview: Reproduction in plants serves two very different functions Asexual Reproduction …

, Chapter: 18- Classification and Systematics -Problem: 7 >> For fossils, we often must use a mix of artificial and natural classification. What is a form genus? If you found a specimen of fossil wood—but only wood, with no leaves or cones or bark—and it looked like wood of modern pines, what genus would you classify it in?
Answer Preview: A form genus in the context of paleontology and the study of fossils refers to a taxonomic classific…

, Chapter: 22- Seed Plants I: Seed Plants Without Flowers (“Gymnosperms”) -Problem: 15 >> Do any seed plants have flagella? Do their sperm cells have flagella? Look at Figure 22-27.Figure 22-27 Transcribed Image Text: (A) (B) Sporangia -Sporophyll -Cone axis (C) Courtesy of Dr. Kut Norstag. Used with permission by PNorstog
Answer Preview: Yes, some seed plants have flagella. The sperm cells of gymnos…

, Chapter: 12- Transport Processes -Problem: 39 >> When a water column cavitates, an air bubble is formed. The technical name is an _____________________.
Answer Preview: The technical term for the formation of an air bubble due to the cavitation of a water column is cavitation bubble or cavitation cavity Cavitation occ…

, Chapter: 27- Biomes -Problem: 2 >> Biomes vary from extremely simple to more complex. Name a simple biome. Name two complex ones. Biome complexity is most strongly influenced by two abiotic factors: ____________________ and ____________________.
Answer Preview: Simple Biome Desert Complex Biomes Tropical Rainforest Coral Reef …

, Chapter: 23- Seed Plants II: Angiosperms -Problem: 22 >> Textbooks often use cacti and euphorbias (spurges) to illustrate convergent evolution because many euphorbias have globular, succulent bodies that strongly resemble those of cacti, yet the two families are not closely related. What are the names of the euphorbia family and of the cactus family? Which major clade is each in?
Answer Preview: The euphorbia family is called "Euphorbiaceae," and the cactus family is known as "Cactaceae." In …

, Chapter: 13- Soils and Mineral Nutrition -Problem: 13 >> The differences in nutritional resources used by plants versus animals is also great. Plants obtain nutrients in the form of __________________ or as simple ______________ present in the environment. An animal begins with food in the mouth, but the nutrients occur as _________________ in complex _________________ which in turn are parts of ________________.
Answer Preview: The differences in nutritional resources used by plants versus ani…

, Chapter: 21- Vascular Plants Without Seeds -Problem: 11 >> The lycophytes once contained many species of large trees that formed extensive forests. Briefly describe plants of Lepidodendron and Sigillaria. Also describe their wood.
Answer Preview: Lepidodendron and Sigillaria are both extinct genera of lycophyte plants that thrived during the Carboniferous period around 359 to 299 million years …

, Chapter: 23- Seed Plants II: Angiosperms -Problem: 2 >> What transformations must have occurred if gymnosperms really were the ancestors of angiosperms? Which might have occurred earlier (are present in all relictual angiosperms) and which later (are absent from some of the most relictual angiosperms)?
Answer Preview: If gymnosperms were indeed the ancestors of angiosperms, several significant transformations would have occurred during the evolutionary process. Keep in mind that this is a hypothetical scenario, as …

, Chapter: 13- Soils and Mineral Nutrition -Problem: 6 >> List the major or macro essential elements. Why are they called that?
Answer Preview: In the context of biology and plant growth the term essential elements refers to the chemical elements that are necessary for the normal growth develo…

, Chapter: 27- Biomes -Problem: 14 >> What is the boreal coniferous forest? Where is it located? The boreal forest is almost exclusively coniferous, whereas just to the south are the temperate deciduous forests. Why is the more northern region dominated by conifers?
Answer Preview: The boreal coniferous forest often referred to as the boreal forest or taiga is a vast biome characterized by its predominantly coniferous vegetation …

, Chapter: 24- Ethnobotany: Plants and People -Problem: 23 >> What is engineered wood? Give several examples. Can this technique produce pieces of wood that are longer or wider than the trees used to make it? Can it be made with unusual shapes? Give examples of where engineered wood is used.
Answer Preview: Engineered wood, also known as composite wood or manufactured wood, refers to a variety of wood products that are created by binding or adhering layers of wood together using adhesives, heat, and pres…

, Chapter: 5- Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems -Problem: 5 >> An herb has only a primary plant body. That means it has roots, stems, and leaves, but it never becomes _________________________ and covered with _________________________.
Answer Preview: a woody b bark So the completed se…

, Chapter: 26- Community Ecology -Problem: 26 >> What is assisted dispersal? Why might it be more important now than it has been in the past? Why do some people object to it?
Answer Preview: Assisted dispersal also known as managed relocation or assisted migration is a conservation strategy that involves actively moving species from their …

, Chapter: 22- Seed Plants I: Seed Plants Without Flowers (“Gymnosperms”) -Problem: 2 >> What is a cone? How are cones of conifers similar to those of lycophytes and cycads? How do they differ?
Answer Preview: A cone is a reproductive structure found in certain groups of plants, including conifers, lycophytes, and cycads. Cones are used to produce and house …

, Chapter: 5- Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems -Problem: 6 >> In general, animals have _________________________ growth with a fixed size and number of organs, whereas plants have _________________________ growth with no set size and any number of organs. Which parts of our body grow continuously like plants? Which parts of a plant have fixed size such that no matter how well we take care of the plants those organs do not become larger? What is the name of p
Answer Preview: In general animals have determinate growth with a fixed size and number of organs whereas plants hav…

, Chapter: 27- Biomes -Problem: 15 >> There is no huge, extensive austral coniferous forest. Why not (Look at Figure 27-3; is there any land at the corresponding latitude in the Southern Hemisphere)?Figure 27-3 Transcribed Image Text: Arctic circle Tropic of Cancer Equator Tropic of Capricorn Polar ice Artic tundra Mountain zones, inclu
Answer Preview: The lack of a huge extensive austral coniferous forest is due to a number of factors including The S…

, Chapter: 24- Ethnobotany: Plants and People -Problem: 1 >> Which aspects of our teeth indicate we have evolved so that we can eat plants?
Answer Preview: Several aspects of our teeth indicate that humans have evolved to include plant-based foods in their diet. These adaptations have allowed us to process and consume plant materials more effectively. He…

, Chapter: 3- Cell Structure -Problem: 25 >> Many animals and algae have cells with flagella, but do any plants have flagella? For example, do fern cells or moss cells have flagella?
Answer Preview: No fern cells and moss cells do not have flagella Flagella are whip like str…

, Chapter: 20- Nonvascular Plants: Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts -Problem: 14 >> The leafy, green moss plants, being gametophytes, have gametangia, structures that produce gametes. What is the name of the gametangium that produces sperm cells? The gametangium that produces egg cells? Can one single moss gametophyte bear both of these? Do some species have plants that produce only sperm cells? Other plants that produce only egg cells?
Answer Preview: In mosses the gametangium that produces sperm cells is called antheridium and the gametangium that p…

, Chapter: 25- Populations and Ecosystems -Problem: 9 >> Why do parts of Alaska and Canada have such thin soil today? What happened to the soil that used to be there? Approximately how many years ago did this region lose its soil?
Answer Preview: Parts of Alaska and Canada have thin soil today primarily due to the geological and environmental processes that shaped the region during and after th…

, Chapter: 5- Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems -Problem: 36 >> Which evolved more recently, tracheids or vessel elements? Do nonangiosperms such as conifers and ferns have vessel elements? Do flowering plants (angiosperms) have tracheids? Vessel elements?
Answer Preview: Vessel elements evolved more recently than tracheids Tracheids are a type of water conducting cell t…

, Chapter: 27- Biomes -Problem: 7 >> Are the soils in your area thin, rocky, and immature or thick and rich?
Answer Preview: Soil characteristics can vary widely depending on the geographic region Some areas may have thin roc…

, Chapter: 24- Ethnobotany: Plants and People -Problem: 13 >> How are antioxidants important? What do they protect cells from? Name several antioxidants and list several dark green leafy vegetables rich in antioxidants.
Answer Preview: Antioxidants play a crucial role in protecting cells from oxidative stress and damage caused by free radicals. Free radicals are highly reactive molec…

, Chapter: 6- Leaves -Problem: 22 >> How does the growth of eudicot and grass leaves differ? Which type would be more capable of recovering from attack by leaf-eating insects or grazing deer?
Answer Preview: The growth of eudicot short for eudicotyledonous and grass leaves differs in several ways and these differences can impact their ability to recover fr…

, Chapter: 4- Growth and Division of the Cell -Problem: 11 >> What does it mean when chromosomes are said to condense during prophase of mitosis? How long are chromosomes after condensation is complete? How big is a typical dividing cell in a root or shoot? If a chromosome were still 20 ?m long after condensation, would it be possible for division to pull half of it to one end of the cell and the other half to the other end?
Answer Preview: During the prophase of mitosis chromosomes condense which means they become more tightly coiled and compacted This condensation process involves the c…

, Chapter: 26- Community Ecology -Problem: 21 >> Describe primary succession. Do you think it may have been important in the last 12,000 years as ice sheets and glaciers retreated?
Answer Preview: Primary succession is a biological and ecological process that occurs in areas where no life previously existed such as on bare rock surfaces volcanic …

, Chapter: 25- Populations and Ecosystems -Problem: 21 >> Consider the population growth curve of Figure 25-23B. Would a young population (left side of curve) have a greater proportion of young individuals than an old population (right side of curve where it has reached K)? Why? Does it matter whether a population has a greater proportion of young, middle-aged, or old individuals? The answer is obvious for humans, but does it matter for plants?Figure 25-
Answer Preview: Yes, a young population would have a greater proportion of young individuals than an old population. This is because a young population is still growi…

, Chapter: 6- Leaves -Problem: 11 >> What does the abscission zone do in leaves? Would you guess that there are or are not abscission zones in flowers and fruits?
Answer Preview: The abscission zone is a specialized region found in plants typically at the base of leaves flowers …

, Chapter: 5- Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems -Problem: 17 >> Technically, the _________________________ is an axis, whereas the _________________________ is the _________________________ plus any leaves, flowers, or buds that might be present.
Answer Preview: Technically the stem is an axis whereas the shoot is the stem plus any leaves flowers or buds that m…

, Chapter: 21- Vascular Plants Without Seeds -Problem: 21 >> When fern spores germinate, they grow into small, simple heart-shaped or ribbon-shaped ______________ with unicellular _________________ on the lower surface but with no vascular tissue and no _________________.
Answer Preview: When fern spores germinate they grow into small simple heart shaped or ribbon shaped game…

, Chapter: 23- Seed Plants II: Angiosperms -Problem: 4 >> During fertilization in flowering plants, one sperm cell nucleus fuses with the egg nucleus, producing the diploid zygote. The other sperm nucleus fuses with the ___________________________________, producing the triploid ________________________, which develops as temporary tissue that nourishes the embryo. This process is called ___________________ fertilization. What tissue nourishes the embryo
Answer Preview: During fertilization in flowering plants: One sperm cell nucle…

, Chapter: 6- Leaves -Problem: 8 >> How can you distinguish between a compound leaf and a twig with several simple leaves? Assuming both a simple and a compound leaf have the same texture, which is more easily eaten by an insect larva?
Answer Preview: Distinguishing between a compound leaf and a twig with several simple leaves can sometimes be tricky especially if the texture is the same However there are a few characteristics you can look for Leaf Arrangement on the Twig Compound Leaf A compound leaf consists of multiple leaflets attached to a single petiole The leaflets are arranged in a specific pattern along the petiole such as pinnate like a feather or palmate like fingers of a hand Twig with Simple Leaves In this case each leaf is attached directly to the twig through its own petiole The leaves are not divided into multiple leaflets Number of Petioles Compound Leaf A compound leaf has a single petiole that connects to the twig and the leaflets are attached to this petiole Twig with Simple Leaves Each individual leaf on a twig with simple leaves has its own separate petiole Leaflet Structure Compound Leaf The leaflets in a compound leaf are often uniform in size and shape and they may have their own smaller veins within each leaflet Twig with Simple Leaves The individual simple leaves on a twig can vary in size and shape but each leaf is not divided into smaller leaflets Axillary Buds Compound Leaf The axillary bud of a compound leaf is usually found at the base of the petiole where it attaches to the twig Twig with Simple Leaves Each simple leaf typically has its own axillary bud located at the base of its petiole where it meets the twig Regarding the insect larva s preference for feeding it can vary based on the specific insect species its adaptations and its nutritional needs Generally compound leaves may provide more diverse nutrients due to the presence of multiple leaflets while simple leaves on a twig might have a different chemical composition that the larvae could find more or less appealing However the …

, Chapter: 27- Biomes -Problem: 3 >> Why are the Florida Keys desert islands? Why are the Hawaiian Islands and Puerto Rico not desert islands?
Answer Preview: The term desert island generally refers to an island that has limited freshwater sources and vegetat…

, Chapter: 26- Community Ecology -Problem: 3 >> Other communities are more or less the same over long periods of time; what is the name for a community like that? Why does such a community remain the same?
Answer Preview: A community that remains relatively stable and consistent over long periods of time is often referred to as a "traditional" or "static" community. Thi…

, Chapter: 5- Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems -Problem: 2 >> Stems of the first land plants functioned primarily as transport and support structures. Modern stems have these functions also, plus several more. Describe the additional functions.
Answer Preview: In addition to their primary functions of transport and support modern plant stems have evolved to serve several additional functions that contribute to the overall growth survival and reproduction of …

, Chapter: 5- Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems -Problem: 18 >> The point where a leaf is attached to a stem is called a _________________________. Just above this point is an _________________________ bud.
Answer Preview: The point where a leaf is attached to …

, Chapter: 26- Community Ecology -Problem: 14 >> A prey population with a curved zero growth isocline is important because the zero growth isocline of the predator might intersect it to either the right or the left of the maximum value. One intersection will result in a stable interaction; the other will result in an unstable one. Which is which and why?
Answer Preview: In predator prey interactions the zero growth isocline represents the population level at which a species neither grows nor declines meaning the birth …

, Chapter: 22- Seed Plants I: Seed Plants Without Flowers (“Gymnosperms”) -Problem: 6 >> The section Evolution of Seeds describes the fossil seeds Archaeosperma arnoldii. Its megasporangium was surrounded by a layer of tissue, called an _________________ that projected upward, and there was a large _______________, a hole that permitted sperm cells to swim to the egg. If you have studied flowering plant reproduction, how many of these same features occur in flowering plants?
Answer Preview: The section "Evolution of Seeds" describes the fossil seeds Archaeosperma arnoldii. Its me…

, Chapter: 6- Leaves -Problem: 10 >> There are two types of venation in the leaves of flowering plants. Describe the type found in eudicot leaves. Describe the type in monocot leaves.
Answer Preview: Eudicot Leaves Eudicots short for eudicotyledons are a diverse group of flowering plants that typically possess leaves with a reticulate or net like v…

, Chapter: 4- Growth and Division of the Cell -Problem: 10 >> Why is mitosis called duplication division and meiosis called reduction division? What is reduced and what is duplicated: chromosomes, number of chromosomes, or number of sets of chromosomes?
Answer Preview: Mitosis and meiosis are two distinct types of cell divisions that serve different purposes in the li…

, Chapter: 18- Classification and Systematics -Problem: 2 >> One of the critical goals of biological nomenclature is to provide each species with a ______________ name. After the discovery of evolution by natural selection, taxonomists realized that the most scientifically valid name for each species would be one that reflected _________________.
Answer Preview: One of the critical goals of biological nomenclature is to provide each species with a unique and un…

, Chapter: 24- Ethnobotany: Plants and People -Problem: 2 >> How long have humans used fire?
Answer Preview: The use of fire by humans dates back hundreds of thousands of years. While it's challenging to pi…

, Chapter: 2- Overview of Plant Life -Problem: 5 >> Are there any types of organisms that do not need to take in energy and raw materials from their environment? Discuss the source of energy for plants as opposed to animals; describe some of the raw materials that are needed by plants.
Answer Preview: Organisms that do not need to take in energy and raw materials from their environment are called autotrophs Autotrophs are capable of producing their …

, Chapter: 18- Classification and Systematics -Problem: 16 >> In an unnatural, ________________ group, members have evolved from different ancestors and may resemble each other only as a result of convergent evolution.
Answer Preview: In an unnatural polyphyletic group members have evolved from different ancestors and may resemble ea…

, Chapter: 25- Populations and Ecosystems -Problem: 1 >> Ecology is the study of organisms in relation to ______________________ aspects of their surroundings.
Answer Preview: Ecology is the study …

, Chapter: 4- Growth and Division of the Cell -Problem: 21 >> If a plant has diploid cells with 20 chromosomes in each nucleus, how many chromosomes does each of its gametes have? What is the name of the division that reduces the number of chromosomes from 20?
Answer Preview: Each of the plant s gametes will have 10 chromosomes The division that reduces the number of ch…

, Chapter: 27- Biomes -Problem: 1 >> Earth’s land surface is covered by biomes, extensive groupings of many ________________. Are these characterized by distinctive aspects of both plants and animals or by just one of the two?
Answer Preview: Earth s land surface is covered by biomes extensive groupings of many ecosyste…

, Chapter: 24- Ethnobotany: Plants and People -Problem: 11 >> Name five species of legumes. Which nutrient is especially abundant in legumes? Why are their root nodules important?
Answer Preview: Five species of legumes: Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris): This includes varieties like kidney beans…

, Chapter: 5- Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems -Problem: 44 >> Stems grow longer by creating new cells at their tips, in regions known as _________________________. Below this region, in the subapical meristem, the very first primary xylem to appear is called _________________________, and cells that differentiate into xylem a little later, after they have grown larger, are called _________________________.
Answer Preview: Stems grow longer by creating new cells at their tips in regions known as apical meristems Below thi…

, Chapter: 21- Vascular Plants Without Seeds -Problem: 10 >> What are microphylls? Are they related to the enations of Asteroxylon?
Answer Preview: Microphylls are a type of leaf structure found in certain plants particularly in early vascular plan…

, Chapter: 23- Seed Plants II: Angiosperms -Problem: 14 >> What is the name of the grass family? About how many species does it contain? Name seven genera (and give the common names) of grasses that are used for food. What kind of pollination do grasses have—animal or wind?
Answer Preview: The grass family is called Poaceae, commonly known as the grasses or true grasses. It is one of the …

, Chapter: 4- Growth and Division of the Cell -Problem: 6 >> Table 4-2 gives the number of chromosomes in a haploid set of chromosomes. What is the lowest number in the table? What is the highest number? Most cells in plants are diploid, having two sets of chromosomes, so the number per nucleus should be doubled. How many chromosomes are present in each diploid potato nucleus? If a potato plant has 1 million cells, each with one diploid nucleus, how many ch
Answer Preview: The lowest number of chromosomes in the table is 2 Machoeranthera gra…

, Chapter: 26- Community Ecology -Problem: 22 >> Animals migrate through the movement of whole animals (walking, flying). How do plants move? Describe several mechanisms.
Answer Preview: While plants are generally not capable of locomotion like animals they do exhibit various mechanisms for movement that help them adapt to their enviro…

, Chapter: 23- Seed Plants II: Angiosperms -Problem: 18 >> Certain eudicot clades contain plants with many relictual features. Name and describe several.
Answer Preview: Several eudicot clades (groups of flowering plants) contain plants with relictual features, which are traits that have been retained from ancestral fo…

, Chapter: 5- Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems -Problem: 22 >> When you look at a head of cabbage or lettuce, what are you seeing? Where is the stem? What about when you look at an onion? What are you seeing and where is the onion’s stem?
Answer Preview: When you look at a head of cabbage or lettuce you re seeing the edible leaves that g…

, Chapter: 19- Algae and the Origin of Eukaryotic Cells -Problem: 3 >> Which group of algae appears to be most closely related to the ancestors of true plants? Which features appear to be homologous?
Answer Preview: The group of algae that appears to be most closely related to the ancestors of true plants land plan…

, Chapter: 25- Populations and Ecosystems -Problem: 5 >> Habitat components are of two types, abiotic and biotic. List several components of each type.
Answer Preview: here are several components of each type, abiotic and biotic, within a habitat: Abiotic Components: Temperature: The average temperature of a habitat …

, Chapter: 2- Overview of Plant Life -Problem: 13 >> The concept of biosphere was touched on only briefly in this chapter, but you have many resources in this book and online to explore this concept. What are some of the geological and biological components of the biosphere? We humans are burning fossil fuels and adding carbon dioxide to the atmosphere; how does this affect the biosphere?
Answer Preview: The biosphere is the zone of life on Earth where living organisms exist and interact with each other and their environment It encompasses various geological and biological components that together cre…

, Chapter: 18- Classification and Systematics -Problem: 13 >> Closely related species are grouped together into _____________ (singular, _____________). By the way, what is the singular of “species”?
Answer Preview: Closely related species are grouped …

, Chapter: 25- Populations and Ecosystems -Problem: 14 >> What is a niche? Is it a physical, tangible space or object? If a giant redwood grows side by side with a small fern, are they in the same niche? If not, how does the niche of one differ from that of the other?
Answer Preview: A niche refers to the specific role and position that an organism occupies within its ecosystem. It …

, Chapter: 3- Cell Structure -Problem: 20 >> What is the role of dictyosomes in cell metabolism? What is their forming face? Their maturing face?
Answer Preview: Dictyosomes also known as Golgi apparatus or Golgi complex are organelles found in eukaryotic cells that play a crucial role in cell metabolism partic…

, Chapter: 18- Classification and Systematics -Problem: 11 >> Linnaeus is well known for inventing the binomial system of nomenclature. In this system, each species has a ______________ name and a ______________ name.
Answer Preview: In the binomial system of nomenclature invented by Lin…

, Chapter: 24- Ethnobotany: Plants and People -Problem: 8 >> Which vitamin is lacking from rice? Describe how genetic engineering has addressed this problem. What is the name of the GMO rice, and is it now widely cultivated?
Answer Preview: The vitamin that is lacking in regular rice, particularly polished white rice, is vitamin A. Vitamin …

, Chapter: 5- Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems -Problem: 45 >> In the apical and subapical region, there are cells that will later give rise to epidermis and other tissues, but they are not yet mature enough to call them epidermis, and so on. What are the terms for the following cells? a. Epidermal cells that are still meristematic b. Young cells of xylem and phloem c. Young cells of pith and cortex
Answer Preview: a The epidermal cells that are still meristematic are often referred to as protoderm c…

, Chapter: 19- Algae and the Origin of Eukaryotic Cells -Problem: 1 >> All organisms are classified into three domains. Name the three and describe the organisms that are classified in each.
Answer Preview: Organisms are classified into three domains of life which represent the highest level of biological classification These three domains are Bacteria Do…

, Chapter: 26- Community Ecology -Problem: 1 >> Define a community. Do communities have sharply defined geographical boundaries? Explain.
Answer Preview: A community refers to a group of people who share common interests, values, goals, or characteristics and interact with each other regularly, forming …

, Chapter: 5- Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems -Problem: 25 >> What is the outermost surface of an herbaceous stem? The outer walls of this layer are encrusted with a chemical made up of fatty substance that makes the wall impermeable to water. What is the name of the substance and what is the name of the layer?
Answer Preview: The outermost surface of an herbaceous stem is covered by a layer called the epidermis The outer wal…

, Chapter: 20- Nonvascular Plants: Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts -Problem: 1 >> Some vascular plants produce seeds; others do not. Vascular plants that do not produce seeds are known as ____________________, whereas vascular plants that do produce seeds are known as ____________________. Are there any plants that produce seeds but which do not have vascular tissue?
Answer Preview: Vascular plants that do not produce seeds are known as ferns or pteridophytes whereas vascular …

, Chapter: 22- Seed Plants I: Seed Plants Without Flowers (“Gymnosperms”) -Problem: 4 >> If angiosperms evolved from some type of gymnosperm, then the group “gymnosperms” is not natural. Why not? In cladistic terms, an incomplete group is a __________________group.
Answer Preview: In cladistics, an incomplete group is termed a "paraphyletic" group. A paraphyletic group consists o…

, Chapter: 2- Overview of Plant Life -Problem: 10 >> Which group of plants does the term “angiosperm” refer to? What are the three main subgroups of angiosperms? Do angiosperms have vascular tissue? Do they have seeds? In conifers, seeds develop inside cones, but in angiosperms, seeds always develop inside of _____________.
Answer Preview: The term angiosperm refers to the group of plants known as flowering plants Angiosperms are characte…

, Chapter: 26- Community Ecology -Problem: 27 >> Most studies of food webs do not bother with examining most of the species or even most of the organisms in the actual web. Why? How reliable are such studies? Are all organisms and all interrelationships equally important?
Answer Preview: Most studies of food webs do not bother to examine most of the species or organisms for several reasons Complexity Food webs can be incredibly complex …

, Chapter: 24- Ethnobotany: Plants and People -Problem: 10 >> Describe a food with a high glycemic index. Why are such foods harmful to our metabolism? Describe a food with a low glycemic index.
Answer Preview: A food with a high glycemic index (GI) is one that causes a rapid and significant increase in blood glucose levels after consumption. These foods are …

, Chapter: 5- Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems -Problem: 7 >> What are the important differences between parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma cells?
Answer Preview: Parenchyma collenchyma and sclerenchyma are three types of plant cells that serve different structural and functional roles within plant tissues Here …

, Chapter: 18- Classification and Systematics -Problem: 8 >> Theophrastus is often called the father of botany. When did he live? He had two very famous teachers. Who were they?
Answer Preview: Theophrastus often referred to as the father of botany lived around 371 28…

, Chapter: 25- Populations and Ecosystems -Problem: 22 >> Autotrophs are known as _______________________, and they are the first step of any food web. Herbivores are _________________________________, and carnivores are __________________. Fungi and prokaryotes break down the remains of all types of organisms and are known as______________________________.
Answer Preview: Autotrophs are known as primary producers, and they are …

, Chapter: 4- Growth and Division of the Cell -Problem: 15 >> What are the four phases of mitosis, and what is the principal activity in the nucleus during each phase?
Answer Preview: Mitosis is the process of cell division in which a single cell divides into two genetically identical daughter cells It consists of four main phases p…

, Chapter: 21- Vascular Plants Without Seeds -Problem: 3 >> If Rhynia or its contemporaries were the ancestors to the ferns, how did the gametophytes and sporophytes change during evolution?
Answer Preview: Rhynia is a genus of extinct plants that lived during the Early Devonian period around 400 million years ago It is considered one of the earliest vascular plants and is believed to be an ancestral for…

, Chapter: 24- Ethnobotany: Plants and People -Problem: 18 >> The term “fiber” has several meanings with regard to textiles. Briefly describe bast fibers, soft fibers, hard fibers, and wood fibers. Give an example of each.
Answer Preview: In the context of textiles, the term "fiber" refers to the fundamental building blocks used to create fabrics and other textile products. There are di…

, Chapter: 5- Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems -Problem: 41 >> During differentiation of a young cell into a sieve tube member, what are some changes that occur in the cell wall and the cytoplasm? How long do most sieve tube members live after they become mature?
Answer Preview: During the differentiation of a young cell into a sieve tube member several changes occur in the cel…

, Chapter: 18- Classification and Systematics -Problem: 22 >> What is a monograph?
Answer Preview: A monograph is a specialized and detailed written work or publication that focuses on a single subje…

, Chapter: 24- Ethnobotany: Plants and People -Problem: 6 >> What are cereal grains? What plant family are they in? Give six examples.
Answer Preview: Cereal grains, often referred to simply as "cereals," are edible seeds harvested from grass-like pla…

, Chapter: 4- Growth and Division of the Cell -Problem: 12 >> What is the name of the set of microtubules that pull chromosomes apart? What is the name of the attachment point between microtubules and chromosomes? What is the name of the ends of the cells where the chromosomes are pulled?
Answer Preview: The set of microtubules that pull chromosomes apart during cell division …

, Chapter: 20- Nonvascular Plants: Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts -Problem: 21 >> An important consideration in the evolution of any organism is gene flow. What are some of the mechanisms by which genes move through the habitat in nonvascular plants? In a dense, cool forest, how strong are wind currents? Could they carry spores very far? What would you guess might be the maximum distance sperms can swim? How far can a raindrop splash a sperm or a spore?
Answer Preview: In nonvascular plants which include bryophytes like mosses and liverworts gene flow can occur through various mechanisms although these plants typical…

, Chapter: 25- Populations and Ecosystems -Problem: 13 >> What is competition between plants? What is competitive exclusion? How does competition affect natural selection and evolution?
Answer Preview: Competition between plants refers to the interaction where plants of the same or different species compete for limited resources such as sunlight, water, nutrients, and space. This competition can occ…

, Chapter: 4- Growth and Division of the Cell -Problem: 13 >> What is a metaphase plate? What is duplicated at the end of metaphase? When this is duplicated, chromatids become free of each other. How many chromatids are there per chromosome in prophase? How many chromatids per chromosome after metaphase?
Answer Preview: A metaphase plate is a hypothetical plane located at the center of a cell during metaphase of mitosi…

, Chapter: 20- Nonvascular Plants: Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts -Problem: 6 >> The nonvascular plants of this chapter are believed to be true plants, just as ferns, conifers, and flowering plants are true plants; however, there are two tissues that the nonvascular plants do not have. Which two tissues?
Answer Preview: The two tissues that nonvascular plants lack are vascular tissues and lignified tissues Vascular Tis…

, Chapter: 22- Seed Plants I: Seed Plants Without Flowers (“Gymnosperms”) -Problem: 3 >> The classification of the seed plants has varied. If a person groups all seed plants together in one large Division Spermatophyta, then they have two classes—the class ________________ with naked seeds and the class __________________, plants with carpels. On the other hand, many people (and this book) use four divisions, not one. List the three divisions of “gymnosperms” and the one division of f
Answer Preview: In the classification of seed plants, there are variations in how they are grou…

, Chapter: 5- Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems -Problem: 14 >> What are the two types of mechanical, nonconducting sclerenchyma (Table 5-3)? Which tends to be flexible and useful in wood? Which tends to be brittle and inflexible, useful in “pits” and “stones” that protect seeds?Table 5-3 Transcribed Image Text: TABLE 5-3 Types of Sclerenchyma Mechanical (noncon
Answer Preview: The two types of mechanical nonconducting sclerenchyma mentioned in Table 5 3 are …

, Chapter: 21- Vascular Plants Without Seeds -Problem: 17 >> Ferns first appeared in the Devonian Period. Look at the inside of the back cover. How long ago was the Devonian Period? Unlike all the groups mentioned so far in this chapter, most of this group is still extant, not extinct. About how many species of modern (i.e., not extinct) ferns are there?
Answer Preview: The Devonian Period occurred approximately 419 to 359 million year…

, Chapter: 22- Seed Plants I: Seed Plants Without Flowers (“Gymnosperms”) -Problem: 5 >> Describe progymnosperms. What were the significant evolutionary advances that characterized progymnosperms?
Answer Preview: Progymnosperms were a group of plants that existed during the late Devonian to the early Carboniferous periods, approximately 385 to 323 million years ago. They represented an important transitional s…

, Chapter: 3- Cell Structure -Problem: 28 >> What chemical do clams use to make strong shells? What do we use for our bones? Do plants use either of these chemicals in the construction of strong cell walls? What problem would plants have if they used either the shell material or the bone material?
Answer Preview: Clams and other mollusks such as oysters use calcium carbonate CaCO3 to form their strong shells Calcium carbonate is a compound made up of calcium carbon and oxygen and it provides the shells with ri…

, Chapter: 26- Community Ecology -Problem: 18 >> What is the R* of a resource being used by a species? When two species, N1 and N2, compete for the same resource, how do their respective R1* and R2* affect the outcome?
Answer Preview: The R of a resource being used by a species refers to the minimum level of resource concentration re…

, Chapter: 26- Community Ecology -Problem: 10 >> Describe species abundance distribution. Draw several hypothetical ones, for example one in which almost all species are very rare, or one in which a few species are extremely rare but most are merely sparse and a few species are very abundant. Is it possible to draw a species abundance distribution graph in which almost all species are extremely abundant?
Answer Preview: Species abundance distribution refers to the pattern or distribution of the number of individuals within each species in a community or ecosystem. It …

, Chapter: 5- Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems -Problem: 11 >> Like clay, walls of collenchyma exhibits plasticity. Does that mean it can or cannot be stretched? If a tissue is supported by collenchyma, can it still grow?
Answer Preview: Collenchyma is a type of plant tissue that provides mechanical support to growing plant parts It s o…

, Chapter: 26- Community Ecology -Problem: 17 >> The optimal diet model makes four predictions; list all four.
Answer Preview: The optimal diet model often applied in ecology and behavioral ecology makes four main predictions S…

, Chapter: 26- Community Ecology -Problem: 6 >> How does habitat loss differ from habitat fragmentation? What is the importance of protected migration corridors?
Answer Preview: Habitat loss and habitat fragmentation are related concepts that both have significant impacts on biodiversity and ecosystems, but they refer to slightly different processes. Habitat Loss : Habitat lo…

, Chapter: 4- Growth and Division of the Cell -Problem: 16 >> Draw a single, imaginary chromosome as it would appear just as mitosis is ending. Now describe what happens to it during interphase and then during mitosis. Be especially careful to consider how many chromatids and how many copies of each gene it has at each stage.
Answer Preview: Here is a diagram of a single chromosome as it would appear just as mitosis is ending Diagram of a s…

, Chapter: 18- Classification and Systematics -Problem: 3 >> Imagine that two completely unrelated species in very different families were accidentally given the same name. What kind of confusion would this cause? What if both were separately the subject of several scientific studies, and results were published in papers that did not mention the family name. Would it be possible to know which study concerned which species?
Answer Preview: If two completely unrelated species from different families were accidentally given the same name it would indeed lead to a great deal of confusion es…

, Chapter: 25- Populations and Ecosystems -Problem: 4 >> Consider the redwood forests of California. We know that the shade of the big trees affects the shrubs and herbs, but do the small plants affect the trees? What about the seeds of the redwood trees? What role did fire play? If a new disease were to kill off all the shrubs and herbs but not directly harm the trees, would the trees ultimately be impacted by the disease?
Answer Preview: The relationships between different elements of an ecosystem, such as the redwood forests of California, are complex and interconnected. In this ecosystem, there are mutual influences between the big …

, Chapter: 5- Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems -Problem: 37 >> Like xylem, phloem has two types of conducting cells, _________________________ and _________________________. The term “_________________________ _________________________” refers to either one. Do these die like tracheary elements or do they need to remain alive in order to conduct?
Answer Preview: Like xylem phloem has two types of conducting cells sieve elements an…

, Chapter: 18- Classification and Systematics -Problem: 10 >> In the 14th and 15th centuries, explorers brought to Europe information and specimens from Africa, the Americas and Asia, and this led to the realization that Pliny and other ancient Greek and Roman authorities were incorrect in many of their writings. Why was this significant? What did this realization lead to?
Answer Preview: The realization that Pliny and other ancient Greek and Roman authorities were incorrect in many of their writings brought about by the information and …

, Chapter: 24- Ethnobotany: Plants and People -Problem: 9 >> When cattle eat plant feed such as corn or hay, the cattle are ________________ consumers. When we eat the animal protein, we are ________________________ consumers. In general, it takes ________ kg of feed to produce _________ kg of animal protein.
Answer Preview: When cattle eat plant feed such as corn or hay, the cattle are primary consumers. When we eat …

, Chapter: 6- Leaves -Problem: 16 >> What is a bundle sheath in a leaf?
Answer Preview: A bundle sheath is a specialized layer of cells that surrounds the vascular bundles which contain th…

, Chapter: 6- Leaves -Problem: 3 >> Most leaves can be quite thin. Why? What would be the condition of lower layers in a thick leaf?
Answer Preview: Most leaves are thin for several functional and structural reasons that are tied to their primary roles in photosynthesis and gas exchange Here s why …

, Chapter: 18- Classification and Systematics -Problem: 12 >> Of all taxonomic categories, only species has an objective definition. What is it?
Answer Preview: The species is the most fundamental and specific taxonomic category in the biological classification …

, Chapter: 26- Community Ecology -Problem: 8 >> Scale is usually important in studies of community ecology; which has greater species diversity, larger plots or smaller ones? Why?
Answer Preview: The relationship between plot size and species diversity in community ecology is complex and can depend on various factors, including the ecological c…

, Chapter: 5- Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems -Problem: 26 >> A stoma allows carbon dioxide to pass through the epidermis. What is the name of the two cells that control the opening and closing of a stoma? What is the name of the hole itself that carbon dioxide passes through?
Answer Preview: The two cells that control the opening and closing of a stoma in pl…

, Chapter: 27- Biomes -Problem: 11 >> The entire central plains of North America is—or more accurately, was —grassland, often referred to as prairie. Why does the sentence say “was”? What has happened to the grassland of the central plains? What is the soil like—thick and rich, or thin and poor?
Answer Preview: The sentence uses was because it is referring to a historical state of the central plains grassland …

, Chapter: 22- Seed Plants I: Seed Plants Without Flowers (“Gymnosperms”) -Problem: 13 >> Seed ferns are a group of extinct plants; they resembled tree ferns, but what did they have on their leaves instead of sori?
Answer Preview: Seed ferns, also known as pteridosperms, were a group of extinct seed-producing plants that existed …

, Chapter: 6- Leaves -Problem: 23 >> Dormant buds, such as the terminal and axillary buds of twigs in winter, consist of bud scales, young leaves, and leaf primordia. Which were formed by the apical meristem first and which were initiated last?
Answer Preview: In dormant buds such as the terminal and axillary buds of twig…

, Chapter: 6- Leaves -Problem: 5 >> Box 6-1 “Plants and People: Leaves, Food, and Death,” describes several ways that leaves affect animals. What is the name of the toxic chemical in leaves of poison hemlock and death camas? In leaves of tobacco? Can this poison be absorbed by the mucous membranes? Can it be passed across the placenta to an unborn baby? This chemical causes cancer of which parts of our bodies?BOX 6-1 Leaves, Food, a
Answer Preview: The toxic chemical in leaves of poison hemlock and death camas …

, Chapter: 18- Classification and Systematics -Problem: 4 >> At the end of the 19th century, taxonomists adopted the goal of developing a natural system of classification. In a natural system, which kinds of organisms are classified together?
Answer Preview: In a natural system of classification taxonomists aim to group organisms based on their ev…

, Chapter: 23- Seed Plants II: Angiosperms -Problem: 23 >> Name the families that contain the following species: a. Sunflowers, dandelions, and daisies b. Milkweeds c. Potato, tomato, and tobacco d. Mints and lavender e. Coffea (coffee)
Answer Preview: a. Sunflowers, dandelions, and daisies all belong to t…

, Chapter: 6- Leaves -Problem: 19 >> Most petioles are rather small, but they can be either massive or very long. List several examples of unusually large petiole (two are edible).
Answer Preview: Certainly here are several examples of plants with unusually large petioles including two examples that are edible Rhubarb Rheum rhabarbarum Rhubarb i…

, Chapter: 5- Tissues and the Primary Growth of Stems -Problem: 46 >> Describe the arrangement of tissues seen in a stem cross-section; consider monocots separately from the other angiosperms. Is the arrangement different in a stolon than in a rhizome, tuber, or corm?
Answer Preview: Describe the arrangement of tissues seen in a stem cross section for both monocots and other angiosperms dicots I ll also discuss the potential differ…

, Chapter: 27- Biomes -Problem: 17 >> Name all of the state and national parks or wilderness areas located within one day’s drive of your home. How many of these have you visited? Of all the biomes mentioned, how many have you traveled through? Did you notice the changes in vegetation?
Answer Preview: Yosemite National Park California Grand Canyon National Park Arizona Joshua Tree National Park Calif…

, Chapter: 22- Seed Plants I: Seed Plants Without Flowers (“Gymnosperms”) -Problem: 16 >> What is the one and only species in the Division Ginkgophyta? Being part of the “gymnosperms,” does it have needle-shaped or scale shaped leaves? The leaf venation is unusual because the leaves have dichotomously branched veins like ___________________, not reticulate v

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