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, Chapter: 1- Basic Concepts -Problem: 24 >> The Declaration of Independence says that all men are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights. Therefore it probably follows that a creator exists.The following arguments are inductive. Determine whether each is strong or weak, and note the relationship between your answer and the truth or falsity of the premise(s) and conclusion. Then determine whether each argument is cogent or
Answer Preview: The argument you presented is based on the premise that the Declaration of Independence states that …

, Chapter: 3- Informal Fallacies -Problem: 9 >> Twenty years ago, Kung Fong, the great sumo wrestler, could have yanked up one of the fir trees in the new municipal arboretum with a single pull. Therefore, since Mr. Fong is as strong today as he was then, he could just as easily pull up one of those trees today.Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explana
Answer Preview: The argument provided contains multiple fallacies Fallacy of Presumption Affirming the Consequent Th…

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, Chapter: 4- Categorical Propositions -Problem: 8 >> Exercises 7 through 12 provide a statement, its truth value in parentheses, and a new statement. Determine how the new statement was derived from the given statement and supply the truth value of the new statement.
Answer Preview: It appears that the given statement Some A are not non B is a bit confusing The statemen…

, Chapter: 4- Categorical Propositions -Problem: 34 >> John Grisham writes only novels about lawyers.Translate the following into standard-form categorical propositions.
Answer Preview: The statement John Grisham writes only novels about lawyers can be translated in…

, Chapter: 1- Basic Concepts -Problem: 38 >> Is there any country in the world that worries more about its kids having fun in school, making lessons exciting and relevant, and then is more disappointed with the result than the United States? We think learning is like buying a car or smoking a cigarette. Just get into the thing or draw a breath and you will be effortlessly transported to lands of pleasure and excitement.The following selectio
Answer Preview: Let s analyze the passage to determine if it contains an argument and identify t…

, Chapter: 3- Informal Fallacies -Problem: 37 >> India is suffering a serious drought, thousands of children are dying of starvation in their mothers’ arms, and homeless beggars line the streets of the major cities. Surely we must give these poor downtrodden people the chance of bettering their condition in America, the land of wealth and opportunity.Identify the fallacies of relevance and weak induction committed by the following arguments. If
Answer Preview: The argument presented contains several fallacies False Dilemma Fallacy The argument creates a false …

, Chapter: 1- Basic Concepts -Problem: 20 >> Since the 1950s a malady called whirling disease has invaded U.S. fishing streams, frequently attacking rainbow trout. A parasite deforms young fish, which often chase their tails before dying, hence the name.Determine which of the following passages are arguments. For those that are, identify the conclusion. For those that are not, determine the kind of nonargument.
Answer Preview: Lets analyze the passage to determine whether it is an argume…

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, It is false that all weddings are lighthearted celebrations. Therefore, some weddings are not lighthearted celebrations.Use the modern square of opposition to determine whether the following immediate inferences are valid or invalid from the Boolean standpoint.
Answer Preview: The given statement It is false that all weddings are lighthearted celebrations is logically eq…

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, Chapter: 1- Basic Concepts -Problem: 20 >> Most popular film stars are millionaires. Shailene Woodley is a popular film star. Therefore, probably Shailene Woodley is a millionaire.The following arguments are inductive. Determine whether each is strong or weak, and note the relationship between your answer and the truth or falsity of the premise(s) and conclusion. Then determine whether each argument is cogent or uncogent.
Answer Preview: This argument is inductive specifically it s an inductive generalization Let s break it down Most po…

, Chapter: 3- Informal Fallacies -Problem: 23 >> Marie Osmond says on TV that Nutrisystem is the best way to get rid of belly fat. But this is exactly what you would expect given that Nutrisystem pays her millions of dollars to make these ads. Thus, you shouldn’t take her testimonials too seriously.Identify the fallacies of relevance committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, wri
Answer Preview: Ad Hominem Attacking the Person The argument suggests that Marie Osmond s endorsement of Nutris…

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, Exercises 1 through 6 provide a statement, its truth value in parentheses, and an operation to be performed on that statement. Supply the new statement and the truth value of the new statement.
Answer Preview: Original Statement No non A are non B F Operation Convert to the st…

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, The creation of a third political party-the independent party-would allow Congressional aspirants who desire to think for themselves to claim a high ground that is currently vacant. The new party would provide a more effective forum to discuss the right course for this country and might compel the other two parties to do likewise. The pressure such a movement would put on those now stagnating in c
Answer Preview: This passage is an argument The argument can be summarized as follows Premise 1 The creatio…

, Chapter: 3- Informal Fallacies -Problem: 40 >> Folks who argue in favor of amnesty for undocumented immigrants are dead wrong. Homeland security is of vital importance. National security is necessary for a healthy economy and the psychological well-being of all our citizens. We must work to secure our nation from all threats, domestic or foreign.Identify the fallacies of relevance and weak induction committed by the following arguments. If no
Answer Preview: Folks who argue in favor of amnesty for undocumented immigrants are dead wron…

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, Chapter: 4- Categorical Propositions -Problem: 20 >> Some organ transplants are not sensible operations. Therefore, some organ transplants are senseless operations.Use conversion, obversion, and contraposition to determine whether the following arguments are valid or invalid. For those that are invalid, name the fallacy committed.
Answer Preview: Let s analyze the given argument Argument Some organ transplants are not sensible operations Therefo…

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, Chapter: 1- Basic Concepts -Problem: 49 >> Statistics reveal that 86 percent of those who receive flu shots do not get the flu. Jack received a flu shot one month ago. Therefore, he should be immune, even though the flu is going around now.Determine whether the following arguments are inductive or deductive. If an argument is inductive, determine whether it is strong or weak. If it is deductive, determine whether it is valid or invalid.
Answer Preview: The given arguments can be analyzed as follows Argument 1 Statistics reveal that 86 percent of those …

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, Turn to the editorial pages of a newspaper or the letters column of a magazine and find an instance of a fallacious argument in the editorials or letters to the editor. Identify the premises and conclusion of the argument and write an analysis at least one paragraph in length identifying the fallacy or fallacies committed and the factors that may have led the arguer to commit them.
Answer Preview: I found an example of a fallacious argument in a letter to the editor Argument We can t trust any …

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, Chapter: 1- Basic Concepts -Problem: 43 >> This cash register drawer contains over 100 coins. Three coins selected at random were found to have dates earlier than 1960. Therefore, probably all of the coins in the drawer have dates earlier than 1960.Determine whether the following arguments are inductive or deductive. If an argument is inductive, determine whether it is strong or weak. If it is deductive, determine whether it is valid or in
Answer Preview: The provided argument is inductive It relies on a sample of three coins to make a probabilistic conc…

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, Chapter: 3- Informal Fallacies -Problem: 47 >> What’s wrong with kids today? Answer: nothing, for the majority of them. They are great. Witness the action of two San Diego teenage boys recently, when the Normal Heights fire was at its worst. They took a garden hose to the roof of a threatened house—a house belonging to four elderly sisters, people they didn’t even know. They saved the house, while neighboring houses burned to the ground. In th
Answer Preview: The passage you provided does not contain any apparent fallacies …

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, Chapter: 1- Basic Concepts -Problem: 44 >> The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor happened in either 1941 or 1951. But it didn’t happen in 1941. Therefore, it happened in 1951.Determine whether the following arguments are inductive or deductive. If an argument is inductive, determine whether it is strong or weak. If it is deductive, determine whether it is valid or invalid.
Answer Preview: The provided argument is deductive specifically a form of deductive reasoning called modus tollens H…

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, Chapter: 3- Informal Fallacies -Problem: 59 >> Most Americans do not favor gun control. They know that their well-being depends on their own ability to protect themselves. So-called “assault rifles” are used in few crimes. They are not the weapon of choice of criminals, but they are for people trying to protect themselves from government troops.Most of the following selections were taken from letters-to-the-editor columns of news papers and ma
Answer Preview: The argument in this passage discusses American attitudes towards gun control particularly with rega…

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, Chapter: 1- Basic Concepts -Problem: 51 >> Define the following terms:
Answer Preview: Valid Deductive Argument A valid deductive argument is one in which the conclusion necessarily follo…

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, Chapter: 3- Informal Fallacies -Problem: 41 >> Evolution would have been dealt serious setbacks if environmentalists had been around over the eons trying to save endangered species. Species are endangered because they just do not fit the bigger picture any more as the world changes. That’s not bad. It’s just life. In most cases we have seen the “endangered species” argument is just a ruse; much deeper motives usually exist, and they are almost
Answer Preview: This argument contains a few elements including a hasty generalization and a strawman fallacy Let s …

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, Chapter: 4- Categorical Propositions -Problem: 27 >> The only way to get rid of a temptation is to yield to it.Translate the following into standard-form categorical propositions.
Answer Preview: The statement The only way to get rid of a temptation is to yield to it can be translated into s…

, Chapter: 1- Basic Concepts -Problem: 41 >> Animal abusers are cowards who take their issues out on "easy victims"-and their targets often include their fellow humans. I cannot begin to say how many incidents I've seen involving animal abusers who commit violent acts against humans, and animal neglecters who have neglected their children or other human dependents. Treating cruelty to animals with the seriousness it deserves doesn't only pro
Answer Preview: This passage is an argument The argument can be summarized as follows Pr…

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, There is something very wrong about the custom of tipping. When we go to a store, we don’t decide what a product is worth and pay what we please; we pay the price or we leave. Prices in coffee bars and restaurants should be raised, waiters should be paid a decent wage, and the words “no tipping” should be clearly visible on menus and at counters.Most of the following selections were taken from let
Answer Preview: The argument in this passage criticizes the custom of tipping and suggests that prices in coffee bars and restaurants should be raised waiters should …

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, Chapter: 1- Basic Concepts -Problem: 27 >> Ordinary things that we encounter every day are electrically neutral. Therefore, since negatively charged electrons are a part of everything, positively charged particles must also exist in all matter.Determine whether the following arguments are best interpreted as being inductive or deductive. Also state the criteria you use in reaching your decision (i.e., the presence of indicator words, the n
Answer Preview: The argument Ordinary things that we encounter every day are electrically neutral Therefore since ne…

, Chapter: 1- Basic Concepts -Problem: 14 >> Lions at Kruger National Park in South Africa are dying of tuberculosis. “All of the lions in the park may be dead within ten years because the disease is incurable, and the lions have no natural resistance,” said the deputy director of the Department of Agriculture.Determine which of the following passages are arguments. For those that are, identify the conclusion. For those that are not, determi
Answer Preview: Lets analyze the passages you provided Lions at Kruger National Park in …

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, Create five new immediate inferences composed of standard-form categorical propositions. Then test each for validity.
Answer Preview: Here are five new immediate inferences composed of standard form categorical propositions with their …

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, Chapter: 4- Categorical Propositions -Problem: 33 >> A pesticide is dangerous if it contains DDT.Translate the following into standard-form categorical propositions.
Answer Preview: The statement A pesticide is dangerous if it contains DDT can be translated into st…

, Chapter: 1- Basic Concepts -Problem: 46 >> The following statements represent conclusions for arguments. Each is expressed in the form of two alternatives. Select one of the alternatives for each conclusion, and then jot down several reasons that support it. Finally, incorporate your reasons into a written argument of at least 100 words that supports the conclusion. Include premise and conclusion indicators in some of your arguments, but n
Answer Preview: A constitutional amendment that outlaws flag burning should not be adopted Reasons Flag burning while a controversial form of expression is protected by the First Amendment in the United States which …

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, Chapter: 4- Categorical Propositions -Problem: 12 >> Exercises 7 through 12 provide a statement, its truth value in parentheses, and a new statement. Determine how the new statement was derived from the given statement and supply the truth value of the new statement.
Answer Preview: The given statement is Some A are non B F This statement is false meaning there is …

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, Chapter: 1- Basic Concepts -Problem: 11 >> Cholesterol is endogenous with humans. Therefore, it is manufactured inside the human body.Determine whether the following arguments are best interpreted as being inductive or deductive. Also state the criteria you use in reaching your decision (i.e., the presence of indicator words, the nature of the inferential link between premises and conclusion, or the character or form of argumentation).
Answer Preview: The argument provided is best interpreted as deductive This determination is based on the character …

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, Chapter: 4- Categorical Propositions -Problem: 34 >> All unpleasant experiences are things we do not like to remember. Therefore, all things we like to remember are pleasant experiences.Use conversion, obversion, and contraposition to determine whether the following arguments are valid or invalid. For those that are invalid, name the fallacy committed.
Answer Preview: Argument All unpleasant experiences are things we do not like to remember Con…

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, Chapter: 4- Categorical Propositions -Problem: 50 >> Many apartment dwellers are victimized by noise.Translate the following into standard-form categorical propositions.
Answer Preview: The given statement Many apartment dwellers are victimized by …

, Chapter: 1- Basic Concepts -Problem: 40 >> Once the basic necessities have been achieved, future income is only lightly connected to well-being. Democrats generally seek to tax future income to finance programs that meet basic needs, including food, clothing shelter, retirement security, and health care. Republicans, in contrast, seek to protect future income from taxation, often at the expense of meeting the basic needs of the less fortun
Answer Preview: This passage is an argument The argument can be summarized as follows Premise 1 Once basic …

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, Chapter: 3- Informal Fallacies -Problem: 25 >> Of course abortion is permissible. After all, a woman has a right to do as she pleases with her own body.Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.”
Answer Preview: The argument you ve provided is making a case in favor of abortion asserting that it is permissible …

, Chapter: 3- Informal Fallacies -Problem: 34 >> People of the Philippines, I have returned! The hour of your redemption is here! Rally to me! Let the indomitable spirit of Bataan and Corregidor lead on! As the lines of battle roll forward to bring you within the zone of operations, rise and strike! For future generations of your sons and daughters, strike! Let no heart be faint! Let every arm be steeled! The guidance of divine God points the wa
Answer Preview: The passage appears to be a rallying call or speech rather than an argument in the traditional sense …

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, Chapter: 1- Basic Concepts -Problem: 43 >> I agree that when religious institutions exclude woman from their hierarchies and rituals, the inevitable implication is that females are inferior. But it is important to note that when women's voices are silenced, it is not only the message that such discrimination sends that is damaging. The institutions themselves suffer. By disempowering women, religious institutions, and the broader societies
Answer Preview: This passage is an argument The argument can be summarized as follows Pr…

, Chapter: 1- Basic Concepts -Problem: 43 >> Create the following arguments: 1. An argument having one or more premise indicators and the conclusion: “Uniforms should/should not be required in high schools.” 2. An argument having a conclusion indicator and the conclusion: “The legal drinking age should/should not be lowered to 18.” 3. An argument having no indicator words and the conclusion: “Renewable forms of energy should/should not be su
Answer Preview: Argument with premise indicators Premise 1 High school uniforms promote a s…

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, Chapter: 3- Informal Fallacies -Problem: 63 >> Mr. Franklin has lost at the craps table for the last ten throws of the dice. Therefore, it is extremely likely that he will win on the next throw.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.”
Answer Preview: The argument provided commits several fallacies Gamblers Fallacy Fallacy of Weak Induction Explanati…

, Chapter: 3- Informal Fallacies -Problem: 54 >> The issue is not whether we should subsidize the arts, but whether anyone should be able to force someone else to subsidize the arts. You and I are free to give any amount of our money to any artistic endeavor we wish to support. When the government gets involved, however, a group of bureaucrats is given the power to take our money and give it to the arts they wish to support. We are not consulted
Answer Preview: The argument presented in the passage seems to contain the following elements It argues against government subsidies for the arts emphasizing that ind…

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, Chapter: 1- Basic Concepts -Problem: 50 >> Since Michael is a Pisces, it necessarily follows that he was born in March.Determine whether the following arguments are inductive or deductive. If an argument is inductive, determine whether it is strong or weak. If it is deductive, determine whether it is valid or invalid.
Answer Preview: This argument is deductive and invalid The argument assumes that all Pisces are …

, Chapter: 1- Basic Concepts -Problem: 35 >> History has shown repeatedly that you cannot legislate morality, nor does anyone have a right to. The real problem is the people who have a vested interest in sustaining the multibillion-dollar drug industry created by the laws against drugs. The legalization of drugs would remove the thrill of breaking the law; it would end the suffering caused by unmetered doses, impurities, and substandard para
Answer Preview: The main conclusion of the argument appears to be that legalizing drugs would have s…

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, Chapter: 3- Informal Fallacies -Problem: 21 >> Pigeons are forced to leave our city to battle for life. Their struggle is an endless search for food. What manner of person would watch these hungry creatures suffer from want of food and deny them their survival? These helpless birds are too often ignored by the people of our city, with not the least bit of compassion shown to them. Pigeons are God’s creatures just as the so-called human race is
Answer Preview: Fallacies in the pigeon letter Appeal to emotion pathos The author uses emotionally charged language …

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, Chapter: 1- Basic Concepts -Problem: 51 >> Create the following nonarguments: 1. A conditional statement about a topic in astronomy. Identify the antecedent and the consequent. 2. An explanation about a topic in history. Explain why your explanation is not an argument. 3. An expository passage about a topic in chemistry. Explain why your expository passage is not an argument. 4. An illustration about a topic in mathematics. Explain why you
Answer Preview: Conditional Statement in Astronomy Conditional Statement If a comet s orbit takes it close to the Su…

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, Chapter: 3- Informal Fallacies -Problem: 20 >> Picasso is the greatest artist of the twentieth century. We know that this is so because art critics have described him in these terms. These art critics are correct in their assessment because they have a more keenly developed sense of appreciation than the average person. This is true because it takes a more keenly developed sense of appreciation to realize that Picasso is the greatest artist of
Answer Preview: The argument provided contains several fallacies Fallacy of Presumption Begging the Question Explana…

, Chapter: 3- Informal Fallacies -Problem: 40 >> September 17 marked the anniversary of the signing of the U.S. Constitution. How well have we, the people, protected our rights? Consider what has happened to our private-property rights.“Property has divine rights, and the moment the idea is admitted into society that property is not as sacred as the laws of God, anarchy and tyranny begin.” John Quincy Adams, 1767–1848, Sixth President of the Uni
Answer Preview: This argument contains several elements including an appeal to authority and a slippery slope fallac…

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, Chapter: 4- Categorical Propositions -Problem: 38 >> Whoever suffers allergic reactions has a weakened immune system.Translate the following into standard-form categorical propositions.
Answer Preview: The given statement Whoever suffers allergic reactions has a weakened immune sy…

, A random sample of twenty-five famous country singers, which included Taylor Swift and Blake Shelton, revealed that every single one of them studied music in Tasmania. Therefore, probably the majority of famous country singers studied music in Tasmania.The following arguments are inductive. Determine whether each is strong or weak, and note the relationship between your answer and the truth or fal
Answer Preview: This argument is weak and uncogent The argument is based on a small an…

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, Chapter: 3- Informal Fallacies -Problem: 32 >> Dear Ann: Recently I was shopping downtown in 20-below-zero weather. A stranger walked up to me and said, “I wonder how many beautiful rabbits died so you could have that coat?” I noticed she was wearing a down coat, so I asked if the geese they got the down from to make her coat were still alive. She looked surprised. Obviously she had never given it a thought.If people are so upset about cruelty
Answer Preview: The argument presented in this letter involves some elements that could be considered fallacious or …

, Create five new immediate inferences composed of standard-form categorical propositions. Then test each for validity.
Answer Preview: Here are five new immediate inferences composed of standard form categorical propositions Inference 1 Premise No S is P Conclusion Some S are not P Fo…

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, Chapter: 1- Basic Concepts -Problem: 2 >> Since London is north of Paris and south of Edinburgh, it follows that Paris is south of Edinburgh.The following arguments are deductive. Determine whether each is valid or invalid, and note the relationship between your answer and the truth or falsity of the premises and conclusion. Finally, determine whether the argument is sound or unsound.
Answer Preview: This is a deductive argument that can be analyzed for its validity and soundness Let s break it down …

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, Chapter: 3- Informal Fallacies -Problem: 36 >> Giant pandas are rapidly disappearing. This animal is a giant panda. Therefore, this animal should disappear any minute now.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.”
Answer Preview: The argument you provided seems to contain multiple fallacies Fallacy of Weak Induction This fallacy …

, Chapter: 3- Informal Fallacies -Problem: 61 >> Turn to the editorial pages of a newspaper or the letters column of a magazine and find an instance of a fallacious argument in the editorials or letters to the editor. Identify the premises and conclusion of the argument and write an analysis at least one paragraph in length identifying the fallacy or fallacies committed and the factors that may have led the arguer to commit them.
Answer Preview: I found an example in a letter to the editor of a newspaper Argument We should reject all proposals …

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, Chapter: 1- Basic Concepts -Problem: 52 >> Answer “true” or “false” to the following statements:1. Some arguments, while not completely valid, are almost valid. 2. Inductive arguments allow for varying degrees of strength and weakness. 3. Invalid deductive arguments are basically the same as inductive arguments. 4. If a deductive argument has true premises and a false conclusion, it is necessarily invalid. 5. A valid argument may have a fa
Answer Preview: True Some arguments may not be completely valid in the deductive sense but they can still have a high degree of validity or soundness True Inductive a…

, Chapter: 1- Basic Concepts -Problem: 39 >> Parents who feel guilty for the little time they can (or choose to) spend with their children "pick up" after them-so the children don't learn to face the consequences of their own choices and actions. Parents who allow their children to fail are showing them greater love and respect.The following arguments were taken from magazine and newspaper editorials and letters to the editor. In most instan
Answer Preview: The main conclusion of the argument is that parents who allow their children to fail are showing them greater love and respect The author first states …

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, Chapter: 4- Categorical Propositions -Problem: 30 >> All hired killers are criminals who deserve the death penalty. Therefore, all criminals who deserve the death penalty are hired killers.Use conversion, obversion, and contraposition to determine whether the following arguments are valid or invalid. For those that are invalid, name the fallacy committed.
Answer Preview: To evaluate the validity of the given argument we can use the methods of conversion obversion and co…

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, Chapter: 4- Categorical Propositions -Problem: 48 >> Not every river runs to the sea.Translate the following into standard-form categorical propositions.
Answer Preview: The statement Not every river runs to the sea can be translated into sta…

, Chapter: 1- Basic Concepts -Problem: 7 >> Paying off terrorists in exchange for hostages is not a wise policy, since such action will only lead them to take more hostages in the future.Determine whether the following arguments are best interpreted as being inductive or deductive. Also state the criteria you use in reaching your decision (i.e., the presence of indicator words, the nature of the inferential link between premises and conclus
Answer Preview: The argument Paying off terrorists in exchange for hostages is not a wise policy since such action w…

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, Chapter: 3- Informal Fallacies -Problem: 50 >> The Fourth Amendment guarantees our right to freedom from unreasonable search and seizure. It does not prohibit reasonable search and seizure. The matter of sobriety roadblocks to stop drunk drivers boils down to this: Are such roadblocks reasonable or unreasonable? The majority of people answer: “Reasonable.” Therefore, sobriety roadblocks should not be considered to be unconstitutional.Most of t
Answer Preview: The argument in this passage appears to contain a logical fallacy Argumentum Ad Populum …

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, Chapter: 4- Categorical Propositions -Problem: 55 >> Few picnics are entirely free of ants.Translate the following into standard-form categorical propositions.
Answer Preview: The given statement Few picnics are entirely free of ants can be t…

, Chapter: 1- Basic Concepts -Problem: 11 >> Since the Department of Defense Building outside Washington, D.C., has the shape of a hexagon, it follows that it has seven sides.The following arguments are deductive. Determine whether each is valid or invalid, and note the relationship between your answer and the truth or falsity of the premises and conclusion. Finally, determine whether the argument is sound or unsound.
Answer Preview: This argument is invalid and unsound The argument struct…

, Chapter: 3- Informal Fallacies -Problem: 20 >> I know that some of you oppose the appointment of David Cole as the new sales manager. On further consideration, however, I am confident you will find him well qualified for the job. If Cole is not appointed, it may become necessary to make severe personnel cutbacks in your department.Identify the fallacies of relevance committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answ
Answer Preview: Let s analyze the arguments presented and identify any fallacies of relevance Argument 1 I know that …

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, Chapter: 4- Categorical Propositions -Problem: 8 >> No fertility drugs are solutions to every problem. Therefore, it is false that all fertility drugs are solutions to every problem.Use the modern square of opposition to determine whether the following immediate inferences are valid or invalid from the Boolean standpoint.
Answer Preview: The given argument involves a universal negative E proposition and makes an immediate inference base…

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, Chapter: 1- Basic Concepts -Problem: 37 >> After taking LSD, Alice said she saw a flying saucer land in the shopping center parking lot. Since Alice has a reputation for always telling the truth, we must conclude that a flying saucer really did land there.Determine whether the following arguments are inductive or deductive. If an argument is inductive, determine whether it is strong or weak. If it is deductive, determine whether it is vali
Answer Preview: The provided argument is inductive It draws a conclusion about the landing of a flying …

, Chapter: 3- Informal Fallacies -Problem: 44 >> On Monday I drank ten rum and Cokes, and the next morning I woke up with a headache. On Wednesday I drank eight gin and Cokes, and the next morning I woke up with a headache. On Friday I drank nine bourbon and Cokes, and the next morning I woke up with a headache. Obviously, to prevent further headaches I must give up Coke.Identify the fallacies of relevance and weak induction committed by the fol
Answer Preview: The argument presented seems to be attempting to establish a causal relationship between drinking Co…

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, Chapter: 3- Informal Fallacies -Problem: 58 >> There is something very wrong about the custom of tipping. When we go to a store, we don’t decide what a product is worth and pay what we please; we pay the price or we leave. Prices in coffee bars and restaurants should be raised, waiters should be paid a decent wage, and the words “no tipping” should be clearly visible on menus and at counters.Most of the following selections were taken from let
Answer Preview: The argument in this passage criticizes the custom of tipping and suggests that prices in coffee bars and restaurants should be raised waiters should …

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, Chapter: 4- Categorical Propositions -Problem: 32 >> All but the rats left the sinking ship.Translate the following into standard-form categorical propositions.
Answer Preview: The statement All but the rats left the sinking sh…

, Chapter: 1- Basic Concepts -Problem: 13 >> Since some fruits are green, and some fruits are apples, it follows that some fruits are green apples.The following arguments are deductive. Determine whether each is valid or invalid, and note the relationship between your answer and the truth or falsity of the premises and conclusion. Finally, determine whether the argument is sound or unsound.
Answer Preview: This deductive argument is invalid and unsound Let s break it down Some fruits ar…

, Chapter: 3- Informal Fallacies -Problem: 10 >> There is substantial evidence that units of the Chinese military hack into the computers of American technology companies to steal intellectual property and trade secrets. But Chinese Premier Li Keqiang denies that this happens. Therefore, given Mr. Li's intimate knowledge of the Chinese military, we must conclude that the Chinese military does not engage in hacking.Identify the fallacies of weak
Answer Preview: The argument you presented contains a fallacy known as the Fallacy of Hasty Generalization This fal…

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, Chapter: 4- Categorical Propositions -Problem: 25 >> All ladies of the night are individuals with low selfesteem. Therefore, no ladies of the night are individuals with high selfesteem.Use conversion, obversion, and contraposition to determine whether the following arguments are valid or invalid. For those that are invalid, name the fallacy committed.
Answer Preview: Argument All ladies of the night are individuals with low self esteem Therefore no ladies of the nig…

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, Chapter: 4- Categorical Propositions -Problem: 45 >> All flowers are not fragrant.Translate the following into standard-form categorical propositions.
Answer Preview: The statement All flowers are not fragrant is a double negative statement and can be …

, Chapter: 1- Basic Concepts -Problem: 3 >> If George Washington was beheaded, then George Washington died. George Washington died. Therefore, George Washington was beheaded.The following arguments are deductive. Determine whether each is valid or invalid, and note the relationship between your answer and the truth or falsity of the premises and conclusion. Finally, determine whether the argument is sound or unsound.
Answer Preview: This deductive argument is valid because it follows the for…

, Chapter: 3- Informal Fallacies -Problem: 20 >> Todd Burpo, the best-selling author, argues in his book that heaven is real and that his son Colton met Jesus and John the Baptist in a near-death experience. But it’s clear that Burpo says these things only to sell lots of books. Therefore, his arguments have no merit.Identify the fallacies of relevance and weak induction committed by the following arguments. If no fallacy is committed, write “no
Answer Preview: The argument you provided contains two fallacies a fallacy of relevance and a fallacy of weak induct…

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, Chapter: 4- Categorical Propositions -Problem: 32 >> All fire-breathing dragons are lizards that languish in soggy climates. Therefore, no fire-breathing dragons are lizards that flourish in soggy climates.Use conversion, obversion, and contraposition to determine whether the following arguments are valid or invalid. For those that are invalid, name the fallacy committed.
Answer Preview: Argument All fire breathing dragons are lizards that languish in soggy climates Co…

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, Chapter: 1- Basic Concepts -Problem: 23 >> Paleontologists have unearthed the fossilized bones of huge reptiles, which we have named dinosaurs. Tests indicate that these bones are more than 50 million years old. Therefore, probably dinosaurs really did roam the earth more than 50 million years ago.The following arguments are inductive. Determine whether each is strong or weak, and note the relationship between your answer and the truth or
Answer Preview: This is an inductive argument and we will evaluate its strength and cogency Let s break it down 1 Pr…

, Chapter: 3- Informal Fallacies -Problem: 8 >> Senator Barrow advocates increased Social Security benefits for the poor. It is regrettable that the senator finds it necessary to advocate socialism. Socialism defeats initiative, takes away promised rewards, and leads directly to inefficiency and big government. It was tried for years in Eastern Europe, and it failed miserably. Clearly, socialism is no good.Identify the fallacies of relevance co
Answer Preview: Ad Hominem Fallacy The passage commits an ad hominem fallacy when it criticizes Senator Barrow for a…

, Chapter: 1- Basic Concepts -Problem: 37 >> A person cannot reject free will and still insist on criminality and codes of moral behavior. If people are compelled by forces beyond their control (genes or environment), then their actions, no matter how vile, are excusable. That means the Nuremberg trials of Nazi murderers were invalid, and all prison gates should be flung open. The essence of our humanity is the ability to choose between righ
Answer Preview: The main conclusion of the argument can be interpreted as follows The essence …

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, Chapter: 4- Categorical Propositions -Problem: 21 >> No individuals who laugh all the time are people with a true sense of humor. Therefore, no people with a true sense of humor are individuals who laugh all the time.Use conversion, obversion, and contraposition to determine whether the following arguments are valid or invalid. For those that are invalid, name the fallacy committed.
Answer Preview: Argument 1 No individuals who laugh all the time are people with a true sense of humor Conversion Th…

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, Chapter: 4- Categorical Propositions -Problem: 26 >> The Kentucky Derby is never run in January.Translate the following into standard-form categorical propositions.
Answer Preview: The statement The Kentucky Derby is never run in January can …

, Chapter: 1- Basic Concepts -Problem: 4 >> No e-mail messages are eloquent creations. Some love letters are eloquent creations. Therefore, some love letters are not e-mail messages.Determine whether the following arguments are best interpreted as being inductive or deductive. Also state the criteria you use in reaching your decision (i.e., the presence of indicator words, the nature of the inferential link between premises and conclusion,
Answer Preview: The argument No e mail messages are eloquent creations Some love letters are eloquent creations Ther…

, Chapter: 3- Informal Fallacies -Problem: 13 >> No one should buy clothing at a department store without first trying it on. Accordingly, no one should buy food at a grocery store without first tasting it.Identify the fallacies of weak induction committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.”
Answer Preview: The two arguments provided contain fallacies of weak induction Here s an explanation for each No one …

, Chapter: 1- Basic Concepts -Problem: 3 >> Freedom of the press is the most important of our constitutionally guaranteed freedoms. Without it, our other freedoms would be immediately threatened. Furthermore, it provides the fulcrum for the advancement of new freedoms.Determine which of the following passages are arguments. For those that are, identify the conclusion. For those that are not, determine the kind of nonargument.
Answer Preview: Lets analyze the provided passage Freedom of the press is the most important of our constituti…

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, Some swimsuits are not garments intended for the water. Therefore, some garments intended for the water are not swimsuits.Use conversion, obversion, and contraposition to determine whether the following arguments are valid or invalid. For those that are invalid, name the fallacy committed.
Answer Preview: Argument Some swimsuits are not garments intended for the water Conversion …

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, Chapter: 1- Basic Concepts -Problem: 39 >> The picnic scheduled in the park for tomorrow will most likely be cancelled. It’s been snowing for six days straight.Determine whether the following arguments are inductive or deductive. If an argument is inductive, determine whether it is strong or weak. If it is deductive, determine whether it is valid or invalid.
Answer Preview: This argument is inductive The conclusion The picnic scheduled in the park for tomorrow will most li…

, Chapter: 3- Informal Fallacies -Problem: 25 >> Mr. Rhodes is suffering from amnesia and has no recollection whatever of the events of the past two weeks. We can only conclude that he did not commit the crime of murdering his wife a week ago, as he has been accused of doing.Identify the fallacies of relevance committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.”
Answer Preview: Let s analyze the argument provided Argument Mr Rhodes is suffering from amnesia and has no recollec…

, Chapter: 1- Basic Concepts -Problem: 21 >> Dachshunds are ideal dogs for small children, as they are already stretched and pulled to such a length that the child cannot do much harm one way or the other.Determine which of the following passages are arguments. For those that are, identify the conclusion. For those that are not, determine the kind of nonargument.
Answer Preview: The passage Dachshunds are ideal dogs for small children as they are already stretched and pulled to …

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, Chapter: 4- Categorical Propositions -Problem: 12 >> No talk radio shows are accurate sources of information. Therefore, some talk radio shows are not accurate sources of information.Use the modern square of opposition to determine whether the following immediate inferences are valid or invalid from the Boolean standpoint.
Answer Preview: The argument provided is No talk radio shows are accurate sources of information Therefore some talk …

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, Chapter: 4- Categorical Propositions -Problem: 41 >> Monkeys are found in the jungles of Guatemala.Translate the following into standard-form categorical propositions.
Answer Preview: The statement Monkeys are found in the jungles of Guatemala can be translated into th…

, Chapter: 1- Basic Concepts -Problem: 4 >> The longest river in South America is the Amazon, and the Amazon flows through Brazil. Therefore, the longest river in South America flows through Brazil.The following arguments are deductive. Determine whether each is valid or invalid, and note the relationship between your answer and the truth or falsity of the premises and conclusion. Finally, determine whether the argument is sound or unsound.
Answer Preview: This deductive argument is valid because it follows the form o…

, Chapter: 3- Informal Fallacies -Problem: 35 >> To prevent dangerous weapons from being carried aboard airliners, those seeking to board must pass through a magnetometer or X-ray device and submit to a possible pat-down search. Therefore, to prevent alcohol and drugs from being carried into rock concerts, those entering should submit to similar search procedures.Identify the fallacies of relevance and weak induction committed by the following a
Answer Preview: The argument you provided commits the fallacy of weak induction Weak induction is a type of inductive fallacy in which the conclusion is based on a sa…

, Chapter: 1- Basic Concepts -Problem: 13 >> Any unit of length, when cubed, becomes a unit of volume. Thus, the cubic meter, cubic centimeter, and cubic millimeter are all units of volume.Determine which of the following passages are arguments. For those that are, identify the conclusion. For those that are not, determine the kind of nonargument.
Answer Preview: Lets analyze the passages youve provided Any unit of length when cubed becomes a unit of vo…

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, Chapter: 4- Categorical Propositions -Problem: 6 >> It is false that no jazz musicians are natives of New Orleans. Therefore, some jazz musicians are not natives of New Orleans.Use the modern square of opposition to determine whether the following immediate inferences are valid or invalid from the Boolean standpoint.
Answer Preview: The argument provided is It is false that no jazz musicians are natives of New Orleans Therefore som…

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, All passengers are not allowed to smoke on board the aircraft.Translate the following into standard-form categorical propositions.
Answer Preview: The statement All passengers are not allowed to smoke on board the aircraft can be translat…

, Chapter: 1- Basic Concepts -Problem: 4 >> Some farmworkers are not people who are paid decent wages, because no undocumented individuals are people who are paid decent wages, and some undocumented individuals are not farmworkers.Use the counterexample method to prove the following categorical syllogisms invalid. In doing so, follow the suggestions given in the text.
Answer Preview: To prove the categorical syllogism invalid using the counterexample method we need to find a specific example that demonstrates the conclusion is not …

, Chapter: 3- Informal Fallacies -Problem: 34 >> Dear Internal Revenue Service: I received a notice that my taxes are being audited for last year. But you have no right to do this. The deadline for filing a return was April 15, and I filed my tax return on April 12—a full three days before the deadline.Identify the fallacies of relevance and weak induction committed by the following arguments. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.”
Answer Preview: The argument in the letter to the IRS contains the following fallacies Fallacy of relevance The writ…

, Chapter: 1- Basic Concepts -Problem: 9 >> I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. I believe that we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way. I believe that our help should be primarily through economic and financial aid, which is essential to economic stability and orderly politic
Answer Preview: Lets analyze each passage to determine if they are arguments or nonarguments I believe that it must …

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, Chapter: 4- Categorical Propositions -Problem: 14 >> It is false that some soap bubbles are not occasions of glee. Therefore, some soap bubbles are occasions of glee.Use the modern square of opposition to determine whether the following immediate inferences are valid or invalid from the Boolean standpoint.
Answer Preview: The argument provided is It is false that some soap bubbles are not occasions of glee Therefore some …

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, Chapter: 1- Basic Concepts -Problem: 6 >> The longer a pendulum is, the longer it takes to swing. Therefore, when the pendulum of a clock is lengthened, the clock slows down.Determine whether the following arguments are best interpreted as being inductive or deductive. Also state the criteria you use in reaching your decision (i.e., the presence of indicator words, the nature of the inferential link between premises and conclusion, or the
Answer Preview: The argument The longer a pendulum is the longer it takes to swing Therefore when the pendulum of a …

, Chapter: 3- Informal Fallacies -Problem: 32 >> Student loan debt is becoming a national crisis. Clearly, we should provide free textbooks to all college students.Identify the fallacies of relevance and weak induction committed by the following arguments. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.”
Answer Preview: The argument presented is Student loan debt is becoming a national crisis Clearly we should provide …

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, Chapter: 4- Categorical Propositions -Problem: 17 >> No child abusers are people who belong in daycare centers. Therefore, all child abusers are people who do not belong in daycare centers.Use conversion, obversion, and contraposition to determine whether the following arguments are valid or invalid. For those that are invalid, name the fallacy committed.
Answer Preview: Let s analyze the given argument Argument No child abusers are people who belong in daycare centers …

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, Chapter: 1- Basic Concepts -Problem: 39 >> After reading your cover story, I find that cable TV has simply flooded our airwaves with more sex, violence, and teenage punk junk. Now our children can spend even less time studying and we can spend more time in blank-space stares at the idiot box. Cable would be fine with more educational channels- and fewer cheap thrills aimed at narrow-minded bubble brains.The following selections were origin
Answer Preview: This passage is an argument The argument can be summarized as follow…

, Chapter: 3- Informal Fallacies -Problem: 36 >> Mr. Flemming’s arguments against the rent-control initiative on the September ballot should be taken with a grain of salt. As a landlord he would naturally be expected to oppose the initiative.Identify the fallacies of relevance and weak induction committed by the following arguments. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.”
Answer Preview: The argument commits the fallacy of ad hominem The arguer attacks Mr Flemming s character he is a la…

, Chapter: 1- Basic Concepts -Problem: 22 >> Atoms are the basic building blocks of all matter. They can combine to form molecules, whose properties are generally very different from those of the constituent atoms. Table salt, for example, a simple chemical compound formed from chlorine and sodium, resembles neither the poisonous gas nor the highly reactive metal.Determine which of the following passages are arguments. For those that are, id
Answer Preview: Lets analyze the passages to determine whether they are arguments or nonargum…

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, Chapter: 3- Informal Fallacies -Problem: 62 >> Most of the following selections were taken from letters-to-the-editor columns of newspapers and magazines. Identify any fallacies that may be committed, giving brief explanation for your answer. Then, if a fallacy is identified, discuss the possible factors that led the arguer to commit the fallacy.
Answer Preview: Fallacies in Letters to the Editor Letters to the editor columns are a forum for people to express their opinions on a variety of topics While it is i…

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, Chapter: 1- Basic Concepts -Problem: 34 >> Since Christmas is always on a Thursday, it follows that the day after Christmas is always a Friday.Determine whether the following arguments are inductive or deductive. If an argument is inductive, determine whether it is strong or weak. If it is deductive, determine whether it is valid or invalid.
Answer Preview: This argument is deductive and invalid While Christmas is always on December 25th wh…

, Chapter: 3- Informal Fallacies -Problem: 1 >> Either we require forced sterilization of Third World peoples or the world population will explode and all of us will die. We certainly don’t want to die, so we must require forced sterilization.Identify the fallacies of presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is committed, write “no fallacy.”
Answer Preview: The argument you ve presented contains several problematic elements and fallacies Let s break them d…

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, Chapter: 4- Categorical Propositions -Problem: 27 >> Some peaceful revolutions are episodes that erupt in violence. Therefore, some episodes that do not erupt in violence are non-peaceful revolutions.Use conversion, obversion, and contraposition to determine whether the following arguments are valid or invalid. For those that are invalid, name the fallacy committed.
Answer Preview: Argument Some peaceful revolutions are episodes that erupt in violence Conversion This argument can …

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, Chapter: 4- Categorical Propositions -Problem: 49 >> Physicists do not understand the operation of superconductors.Translate the following into standard-form categorical propositions.
Answer Preview: The statement Physicists do not understand the operation of superconductors can be translated …

, Chapter: 1- Basic Concepts -Problem: 12 >> Either classical culture originated in Greece, or it originated in Egypt. Classical culture did not originate in Egypt. Therefore, classical culture originated in Greece.Determine whether the following arguments are best interpreted as being inductive or deductive. Also state the criteria you use in reaching your decision (i.e., the presence of indicator words, the nature of the inferential link b
Answer Preview: The argument Either classical culture originated in Greece or it originated in Egypt Classical cultu…

, Chapter: 3- Informal Fallacies -Problem: 11 >> If 20 percent of adult Americans are functionally illiterate, then it’s no wonder that morons get elected to public office. In fact, 20 percent of adult Americans are functionally illiterate. Therefore, it’s no wonder that morons get elected to public office.Identify the fallacies of relevance committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer. If no fallacy is commit
Answer Preview: The argument you presented contains a fallacy of relevance known as Ad Hominem Ad Hominem is a falla…

, Chapter: 1- Basic Concepts -Problem: 30 >> The brain and the nervous system are composed of two types of cells- neurons and glial cells. Neurons are responsible for information transmission throughout the nervous system. Glial cells constitute the support system for the neurons. For example, glial cells take away the waste products of neurons, keep the neurons' chemical environment stable, and insulate them, allowing neurons to do their wo
Answer Preview: Lets analyze the passage to determine whether it is an argument or a nonargument P…

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, Chapter: 3- Informal Fallacies -Problem: 78 >> Create the following informal fallacies:1. A begging the question connected with religion 2. A complex question dealing with cyberstalking 3. A false dichotomy related to a Tiffany watch 4. An equivocation involving the word “fan” 5. An amphiboly depending on the ambiguous use of a pronoun 6. A composition fallacy dealing with a church choir
Answer Preview: Sure here are examples of informal fallacies based on the scenarios you provided Begging the Questio…

, Chapter: 3- Informal Fallacies -Problem: 35 >> As the oldest of eleven children (all married), I’d like to point out our combined family numbers more than 100 who vote only for pro-life candidates. Pro-lifers have children, pro-choicers do not.Most of the following selections were taken from letters-to-the-editor columns of news papers and magazines. Identify any fallacies that may be committed, giving a brief explanation for your answer. Then
Answer Preview: This argument contains several fallacies Hasty Generalization Fallacy The argument makes a broad gen…

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, Chapter: 4- Categorical Propositions -Problem: 57 >> She says what she pleases.Translate the following into standard-form categorical propositions.
Answer Preview: The statement She says what she pleases is a bit abstra…

, Chapter: 1- Basic Concepts -Problem: 10 >> The Wall Street Journal has an article on the new banking regulations. The Financial Times, like the Wall Street Journal, is a highly respected business publication. Therefore, the Financial Times probably also has an article on the new banking regulations.Determine whether the following arguments are best interpreted as being inductive or deductive. Also state the criteria you use in reaching you
Answer Preview: The argument The Wall Street Journal has an article on the new banking regulations The Financial Tim…

, Chapter: 3- Informal Fallacies -Problem: 2 >> Erica Evans, who takes orders at the local Taco Bell, argues persuasively in favor of increasing the minimum wage. But this is exactly what you would expect. Erica is paid the minimum wage, and if the minimum wage is increased, then her own salary will go up. Obviously Erica’s arguments are worthless.Identify the fallacies of relevance committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanati
Answer Preview: Ad Hominem Tu Quoque Fallacy You Too Fallacy This fallacy is committ…

, Chapter: 1- Basic Concepts -Problem: 34 >> College is the time in which a young mind is supposed to mature and acquire wisdom, and one can only do this by experiencing as much diverse intellectual stimuli as possible. A business student may be a whiz at accounting, but has he or she ever experienced the beauty of a Shakespearean sonnet or the boundless events composing Hebrew history? Most likely not. While many of these neoconservatives w
Answer Preview: The main conclusion of the authors argument can be interpreted as …

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, Chapter: 3- Informal Fallacies -Problem: 58 >> Real estate mogul Donald Trump argues that good management is essential to any business. But who is he to talk? Trump’s own mismanagement drove Trump Entertainment Resorts into bankruptcy three times in eighteen years.Identify the fallacies of relevance, weak induction, presumption, ambiguity, and illicit transference committed by the following arguments, giving a brief explanation for your answer
Answer Preview: Ad Hominem Personal Attack The argument begins by attacking Donald Trump s credibility and character …

, Chapter: 3- Informal Fallacies -Problem: 56 >> I have one question for those bleeding hearts who say we should not have used the atomic bomb: If the nation responsible for the Rape of Nanking, the Manchurian atrocities, Pearl Harbor, and the Bataan Death March had invented the bomb first, don’t you think they would have used it? So do I.Most of the following selections were taken from letters-to-the-editor columns of news papers and magazines.
Answer Preview: The argument in this passage is making a point in favor of using the atomic bomb by invoking the act…

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, Chapter: 1- Basic Concepts -Problem: 7 >> All leopards with lungs are carnivores. Therefore, all leopards are carnivores.The following arguments are deductive. Determine whether each is valid or invalid, and note the relationship between your answer and the truth or falsity of the premises and conclusion. Finally, determine whether the argument is sound or unsound.
Answer Preview: This argument is valid but unsound It follows a valid dedu…

, Chapter: 3- Informal Fallacies -Problem: 28 >> Extensive laboratory tests have failed to prove any deleterious side effects of

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